62 research outputs found
Les relations de travail dans la Ligue nationale de hockey : un modÚle de négociation collective transnationale ?
Le rĂ©gime de relations de travail instituĂ© au sein de la Ligue nationale de hockey prĂ©sente un modĂšle original de reprĂ©sentation syndicale et de nĂ©gociation collective transnationales. De source privĂ©e et de nature strictement contractuelle, ce rĂ©gime est fondĂ© primordialement sur un volontarisme mutuel. Il sâinscrit assurĂ©ment dans une logique dâ« autonomie collective » et constitue un exemple Ă©loquent de « pluralisme juridique ».La nĂ©gociation des conditions de travail est centralisĂ©e, puisquâelle a lieu entre les dirigeants de la Ligue, les propriĂ©taires des Ă©quipes et tous les joueurs de hockey employĂ©s par lâune ou lâautre de ces Ă©quipes. La Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) conclue en 2005 est le rĂ©sultat net de ce processus de nĂ©gociation collective multipatronale : rĂ©gissant les conditions de travail de tous les joueurs de la Ligue, la CBA sâimpose contractuellement Ă une pluralitĂ© dâemployeurs â les 30 Ă©quipes de la Ligue â à lâoeuvre dans une industrie particuliĂšre â une ligue de sport professionnel â qui exerce ses activitĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle nord-amĂ©ricaine. En outre, la CBA comporte un mĂ©canisme inĂ©dit de dĂ©termination de la rĂ©munĂ©ration pouvant ĂȘtre versĂ©e aux joueurs par leur Ă©quipe respective : un « plafond salarial ». La force obligatoire et exĂ©cutoire de la CBA est Ă©galement assurĂ©e par un mĂ©canisme dâarbitrage liant les parties. Enfin, si la CBA encadre de maniĂšre significative la nĂ©gociation du contrat individuel de travail entre le joueur et son Ă©quipe, celle-ci demeure une nĂ©gociation dĂ©centralisĂ©e, se dĂ©roulant essentiellement entre lâĂ©quipe et le joueur.Le texte qui suit prĂ©sente, Ă grands traits, les caractĂ©ristiques principales de ce rĂ©gime qui offre des perspectives de rĂ©flexion intĂ©ressantes pour la thĂ©orie du droit du travail, en cette Ăšre de mondialisation et dâinternationalisation des Ă©changes.The labour relations framework implemented in the National Hockey League sets forth an original model for transnational union representation and collective bargaining. The agreement basically rests upon mutual consent. It is most assuredly a manifestation of âcollective autonomyâ and provides an eloquent example of âlegal pluralism.âThe negotiation of working conditions is centralized, since this takes place between the owners of the teams and league directors as well as all hockey players employed by any one of the teams. The Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) entered into in 2005 is the net result of this multi-owner collective bargaining process governing working conditions for all League players. As such the CBA is contractually binding on several employers â the 30 team league â working in a specific industry â a professional sports league â that carries out its activities on a North American scale. Moreover, the CBA includes a totally new mechanism for determining remuneration to be paid to each and every player by each one of their respective teams : a âsalary capâ. The binding and legally operative force of the CBA is also secured by mandatory arbitration. In addition, while the CBA imposes significant constraints on the negotiation of individual labour contracts between players and their team, it still leaves place for such decentralized negotiation which is carried out essentially between the team and individual players.The following text presents an overview of the main features of the National Hockey League framework, which raises some interesting questions as regards labour law theory in these times of globalization and growing international trade
Le droit de congĂ©dier un employĂ© physiquement ou psychologiquement inapte : revu et corrigĂ© par le droit Ă lâĂ©galitĂ© et le droit au travail
JusquâĂ la fin des annĂ©es 90, il Ă©tait acquis quâun employeur pouvait congĂ©dier un employĂ© pour un motif dâabsentĂ©isme liĂ© Ă lâinaptitude physique ou psychologique, dans la mesure oĂč les deux conditions suivantes Ă©taient rĂ©unies : dâune part, lâexistence dâun taux dâabsentĂ©isme anormalement Ă©levĂ© et, dâautre part, lâimpossibilitĂ© pour lâemployĂ© de fournir sa prestation normale de travail dans un avenir rapprochĂ©. LâĂ©volution jurisprudentielle du droit Ă lâĂ©galitĂ© et de son corollaire, lâobligation dâaccommodement raisonnable, a radicalement changĂ© les rĂšgles applicables en cette matiĂšre. Les auteurs analysent ici cet effet de « constitutionnalisation » sur le droit de lâemployeur de congĂ©dier un employĂ© incapable de fournir la prestation de travail pour laquelle il a Ă©tĂ© engagĂ©.Until the very end of the 1990s, it was accepted that an employer could dismiss an employee owing to absenteeism issuing from physical or psychological unfitness but only insofar as the following two conditions came together : On one hand, an abnormally high level of absenteeism and on the other, the employeeâs total incapacity to perform ordinary working tasks in the foreseeable future. Since then, the evolution in court rulings on equality and its corollary, the duty to make reasonable accommodations, has radically changed the rules applicable to this issue. In this paper, the authors analyze this « constitutionalization » effect on the employerâs right to dismiss an employee who is unable to perform the work for which he or she was hired
Autonomie collective et droit du travail : mélanges en l'honneur du professeur Pierre Verge
Lâapport du professeur Pierre Verge au droit du travail est remarquable! Ses travaux ont profondĂ©ment marquĂ© cette discipline et en ont accompagnĂ© le dĂ©veloppement pendant plus de cinquante ans. EngagĂ©, il occupa dĂšs le dĂ©but de sa carriĂšre diverses fonctions administratives, dont celle de doyen (Normand). Visionnaire, il se tourna rapidement vers la recherche subventionnĂ©e et vers lâinterdisciplinaritĂ©. Pluraliste, son approche se focalisa sur la multiplicitĂ© des sources â juridiques ou non - qui jalonnent sa discipline, Ă©largissant ses horizons de recherche, vers la sociologie, notamment. Joueur dâĂ©quipe, il sut transmettre Ă dâautres, ici mĂȘme et ailleurs dans le monde, son savoir et son expĂ©rience, ce qui se traduit par dâinnombrables copublications et collaborations, et autant dâamitiĂ©s nouĂ©es.
Rigueur intellectuelle, Ă©rudition et ardeur au travail sont des traits de personnalitĂ© connus du professeur Verge. Mais Ă cela sâajoutent de belles qualitĂ©s humaines : gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ©, affabilitĂ© et modestie caractĂ©risent en effet cet homme, authentique, qui, durant son illustre carriĂšre, influença tant de collĂšgues et dâĂ©tudiants.
Plusieurs dâentre eux ont donc voulu lui rendre un vibrant hommage et exprimer leur attachement et leur reconnaissance sous la forme de MĂ©langes
How the freshwater biodiversity information system (FBIS) is supporting national freshwater fish conservation decisions in South Africa
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The datasets presented in this study can be found in online
repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession
number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
Alternatively, the dataset can be accessed via the Freshwater
Biodiversity Information System (freshwaterbiodiversity.org).In South Africa, anthropogenic pressures such as water over-abstraction, invasive
species impacts, land-use change, pollution, and climate change have caused
widespread deterioration of the health of river ecosystems. This comes at great
cost to both people and biodiversity, with freshwater fishes ranked as the countryâs
most threatened species group. Effective conservation and management of South
Africaâs freshwater ecosystems requires access to reliable and comprehensive
biodiversity data. Despite the existence of a wealth of freshwater biodiversity data,
access to these data has been limited. The Freshwater Biodiversity Information
System (FBIS) was built to address this knowledge gap by developing an intuitive,
accessible and reliable platform for freshwater biodiversity data in South Africa.
The FBIS hosts high quality, high accuracy biodiversity data that are freely available
to a wide range of stakeholders, including researchers, conservation practitioners
and policymakers. We describe how the system is being used to provide
freshwater fish data to a national conservation decision-support toolâThe
Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment (DFFE) National
Environmental Screening Tool (NEST). The NEST uses empirical and modelled
biodiversity data to guide Environmental Impact Assessment Practitioners in
conducting environmental assessments of proposed developments.
Occurrence records for 34 threatened freshwater fishes occurring in South
Africa were extracted from the FBIS and verified by taxon specialists, resulting
in 6 660 records being used to generate modelled and empirical national distribution (or sensitivity) layers. This represents the first inclusion of freshwater
biodiversity data in the NEST, and future iterations of the tool will incorporate
additional freshwater taxa. This case study demonstrates how the FBIS fills a pivotal
role in the data-to-decision pipeline through supporting data-driven conservation
and management decisions at a national level.Funding for the development of the Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (FBIS) was provided by the JRS Biodiversity Foundation Funding for the development of the Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (FBIS) was provided by the JRS Biodiversity Foundation. This work is based on the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa and the NRF-SAIAB DSI/ NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology.http://www.frontiersin.org/Environmental_Scienceam2024Zoology and EntomologySDG-14:Life below wate
Role for a Novel Usher Protein Complex in Hair Cell Synaptic Maturation
The molecular mechanisms underlying hair cell synaptic maturation are not well understood. Cadherin-23 (CDH23), protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and the very large G-protein coupled receptor 1 (VLGR1) have been implicated in the development of cochlear hair cell stereocilia, while clarin-1 has been suggested to also play a role in synaptogenesis. Mutations in CDH23, PCDH15, VLGR1 and clarin-1 cause Usher syndrome, characterized by congenital deafness, vestibular dysfunction and retinitis pigmentosa. Here we show developmental expression of these Usher proteins in afferent spiral ganglion neurons and hair cell synapses. We identify a novel synaptic Usher complex comprised of clarin-1 and specific isoforms of CDH23, PCDH15 and VLGR1. To establish the in vivo relevance of this complex, we performed morphological and quantitative analysis of the neuronal fibers and their synapses in the Clrn1â/â mouse, which was generated by incomplete deletion of the gene. These mice showed a delay in neuronal/synaptic maturation by both immunostaining and electron microscopy. Analysis of the ribbon synapses in Ames waltzerav3J mice also suggests a delay in hair cell synaptogenesis. Collectively, these results show that, in addition to the well documented role for Usher proteins in stereocilia development, Usher protein complexes comprised of specific protein isoforms likely function in synaptic maturation as well
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly
Evidence of positive selection associated with placental loss in tiger sharks
Background: All vertebrates initially feed their offspring using yolk reserves. In some live-bearing species these yolk
reserves may be supplemented with extra nutrition via a placenta. Sharks belonging to the Carcharhinidae family
are all live-bearing, and with the exception of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), develop placental connections
after exhausting yolk reserves. Phylogenetic relationships suggest the lack of placenta in tiger sharks is due to
secondary loss. This represents a dramatic shift in reproductive strategy, and is likely to have left a molecular
footprint of positive selection within the genome.
Results: We sequenced the transcriptome of the tiger shark and eight other live-bearing shark species. From this
data we constructed a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree estimating the tiger shark lineage diverged from the
placental carcharhinids approximately 94 million years ago. Along the tiger shark lineage, we identified five genes
exhibiting a signature of positive selection. Four of these genes have functions likely associated with brain
development (YWHAE and ARL6IP5) and sexual reproduction (VAMP4 and TCTEX1D2).
Conclusions: Our results indicate the loss of placenta in tiger sharks may be associated with subsequent adaptive
changes in brain development and sperm production
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The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africaâs major land uses
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on speciesâ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate âintactness scoresâ: the remaining proportion of an âintactâ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the regionâs major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/ taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems
The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africaâs major land uses
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on speciesâ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate âintactness scoresâ: the remaining proportion of an âintactâ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the regionâs major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems
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