Génomique de la spéciation chez le Grand Corégone (Coregonus clupeaformis) : caractérisation des bases génomiques associées à la différenciation phénotypique

L'évolution répétée et indépendante de la différenciation phénotypique entre espèces divergentes, suggérant des pressions sélectives similaires, constitue un contexte propice à l'étude de l'architecture génomique de la spéciation parallèle. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'apporter des éléments de réponses concernant les bases génomiques impliquées dans la différenciation phénotypique, et leur influence sur l’évolution de la divergence entre deux complexes d'espèces apparentés, le Grand Corégone (Coregonus clupeaformis) et le Corégone Lavaret (C. lavaretus). Plus précisément, il était nécessaire d'élucider l'origine du polymorphisme de chacune des populations, le rôle de cette variation génétique, son maintient durant la divergence et la différenciation phénotypique entre paires d'espèces. Une analyse génomique a permis de réaliser des inférences démographiques historiques, mettant en évidence la contribution simultanée de processus démographiques et sélectifs qui ont façonné les paysages génomiques de différenciation entre paires d'espèces. Ensuite, une analyse transcriptomique a permis d'identifier des bases polygéniques partagées impliquées dans la différenciation phénotypique parallèle entre paires d'espèces. De plus, ces bases polygéniques indiquent une forte rétention du polymorphisme ancestral sous l’action de la sélection divergente. Finalement, un parallélisme de régions d’ADN différentiellement méthylées entre espèces a été identifié. Bien que cette méthylation repose sur des bases génomiques, ces régions différentiellement méthylées sont associées à une différenciation transcriptionnelle entre espèces des complexes d'espèces du Corégone Lavaret et du Grand Corégone. Ces travaux montrent que la sélection naturelle est contrainte par certains génotypes permettant d'acquérir un parallélisme phénotypique de façon indépendante, et agir sur du polymorphisme ancestral, notamment dans un contexte de spéciation parallèle. Enfin, cette thèse permet de lever le voile et de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes génomiques associés à la divergence adaptative pouvant mener à la spéciation écologique, notamment en utilisant une approche intégrative.Repeated evolution of phenotypic differentiation between diverging species pairs provides an ideal context for the study of the genomic architecture of parallel speciation. The main objective of this thesis is to provide evidence concerning the genomic bases involved in phenotypic differentiation, and their influence on the evolutionary potential of species complexes belonging to two related lineages, the Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and European Whitefish (C. lavaretus). Specificaly, it is necessary to elucidate the origin of the genetic polymorphism of each population from both whitefish lineages, and to which extend this polymorphism was involved in the genetic divergence and phenotypic differentiation between species pairs. A genome-wide analysis allowed to infer the divergence history combining the effects of historical demograhy and selective pressure that collectively shape the genomic landscape of differentiation between species pairs. Then, transcriptomic analyses revealed parallel polygenic bases involved in the phenotypic differentiation of species pairs, and such genes were enriched in shared ancestral polymorphism. Finaly, a parallel differential methylation level has been identified between species. Although this methylation is genomicaly based, these differentially methylated regions are associated with a transcriptional differentiation between the limnetic and benthic species. This work shows that selection is constrained by some genotypes which could lead to an independent parallel phenotypic aquisition, but also act on the maintainance of ancestral genetic polymorphism, particularly in a context of parallel speciation. This thesis allows to highlight and to contribute to the understanding of the genomic mechanisms generating biodiversity, notably by using an integrative approach

Modeling the Multiple Facets of Speciation-with-Gene-Flow toward Inferring the Divergence History of Lake Whitefish Species Pairs (Coregonus clupeaformis)

International audienceParallel divergence across replicated species pairs occurring in similar environmental contrasts may arise through distinct evolutionary scenarios. Deciphering whether such parallelism actually reflects repeated parallel divergence driven by divergent selection or a single divergence event with subsequent gene flow needs to be ascertained. Reconstructing historical gene flow is therefore of fundamental interest to understand how demography and selection jointly shaped genomic divergence during speciation. Here, we use an extended modeling framework to explore the multiple facets of speciation-with-gene-flow with demo-genetic divergence models that capture both temporal and genomic variation in effective population size and migration rate. We investigate the divergence history of replicate sympatric species pairs of Lake Whitefish (normal benthic and dwarf limnetic) characterized by variable degrees of ecological divergence and reproductive isolation. Genome-wide SNPs were used to document the extent of genetic differentiation in each species pair, and 26 divergence models were fitted and compared with the unfolded joint allele frequency spectrum of each pair. We found evidence that a recent (circa 3,000-4,000 generations) asymmetrical secondary contact between expanding postglacial populations has accompanied Whitefish diversification. Our results suggest that heterogeneous genomic differentiation has emerged through the combined effects of linked selection generating variable rates of lineage sorting across the genome during geographical isolation, and heterogeneous introgression eroding divergence at different rates across the genome upon secondary contact. This study thus provides a new retrospective insight into the historical demographic and selective processes that shaped a continuum of divergence associated with ecological speciation

Dalziel_2016_26ResponseVariablesNumeric

Same as "Dalziel_2016_26ResponseVariables.csv", but numeric values only to facilitate the creation of the correlation plot (Figure 6) or missing data plot (Figure S1)

Dalziel_2016_RawData

File with all raw data and notes on sample collection. Used to calculate residuals or for data transformations if required

Data from: Convergence in organ size but not energy metabolism enzyme activities among wild Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) species pairs

The repeated evolution of similar phenotypes by similar mechanisms can be indicative of local adaptation, constraints or biases in the evolutionary process. Little is known about the incidence of physiological convergence in natural populations, so here we test whether energy metabolism in ‘dwarf’ and ‘normal’ Lake Whitefish evolves by similar mechanisms. Prior genomic and transcriptomic studies have found that divergence in energy metabolism is key to local adaptation in whitefish species pairs, but that distinct genetic and transcriptomic changes often underlie phenotypic evolution among lakes. Here, we predicted that traits at higher levels of biological organization, including the activities of energy metabolism enzymes (the product of enzyme concentration and turnover rate) and the relative proportions of metabolically active tissues (heart, liver, skeletal muscle), would show greater convergence than genetic and transcriptomic variation. We compared four whitefish species pairs and found convergence in organ size whereby all dwarf whitefish populations have a higher proportion of red skeletal muscle, three have relatively larger livers and two have relatively larger ventricles than normal fish. On the other hand, hepatic and muscle enzyme activities showed little convergence and were largely dependent on lake of origin. Only the most genetically divergent species pair (Cliff Lake) displayed white muscle enzyme activities matching results from laboratory-reared normal and dwarf whitefish. Overall, these data show convergence in the evolution of organ size, but not in the activities of candidate enzymes of energy metabolism, which may have evolved mainly as a consequence of demographic or ecological differences among lakes

Isolation and characterization of 22 microsatellite loci from two coral species: Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scleractinia, Acroporidae) and Porites lutea Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851 (Scleractinia, Poritidae): Microsatellite records

International audienceTotal genomic DNA of eight colonies for each of the two species, Acropora muricata and Porites lutea, sampled on the west coast of Reunion Island, was isolated using DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen™) following the manufacturer’s instructions and sent to GenoScreen, Lille, France (www.genoscreen.fr)

Dalziel_2016_DFA_Results

File with appropriate number of rows (85) for output from DFA (Figure 7) to allow for plots of the first and second linear discriminant

Dalziel_2016_StandardizedData

File with standardized data for MANOVA, DFA, PCA. These data can also be calculated from the file "Dalziel_2016_26ResponseVariables.csv" using the R code provided

Evaluating the accuracy of variant calling methods using the frequency of parent-offspring genotype mismatch.

The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) datasets has increased dramatically over the last decade, but there have been few systematic analyses quantifying the accuracy of the commonly used variant caller programs. Here we used a familial design consisting of diploid tissue from a single lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) parent and the maternally derived haploid tissue from 106 full-sibling offspring, where mismatches could only arise due to mutation or bioinformatic error. Given the rarity of mutation, we used the rate of mismatches between parent and offspring genotype calls to infer the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping error rates of FreeBayes, HaplotypeCaller, SAMtools, UnifiedGenotyper, and VarScan. With baseline filtering HaplotypeCaller and UnifiedGenotyper yielded more SNPs and higher error rates by one to two orders of magnitude, whereas FreeBayes, SAMtools and VarScan yielded lower numbers of SNPs and more modest error rates. To facilitate comparison between variant callers we standardized each SNP set to the same number of SNPs using additional filtering, where UnifiedGenotyper consistently produced the smallest proportion of genotype errors, followed by HaplotypeCaller, VarScan, SAMtools, and FreeBayes. Additionally, we found that error rates were minimized for SNPs called by more than one variant caller. Finally, we evaluated the performance of various commonly used filtering metrics on SNP calling. Our analysis provides a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of five widely used variant calling programs and offers valuable insights into both the choice of variant caller program and the choice of filtering metrics, especially for researchers using non-model study systems