The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

Methodes automatiques de recalage d'images non similaires

La comparaison automatique d'images à l'aide d'un ordinateur, nécessite une étape de recalage qui peut être menée à bien en optimisant un critère de similitude entre images par rapport aux paramètres de recalage. Cet article traite du recalage automatique d'images non similaires. D'abord une nouvelle classe de critères de similitude entre images est présentée; un cas stochastique, un cas déterministe et un cas mixte sont distingués mais dans tous les cas ces critères reposent sur le calcul d'un nombre de changements de signe dans une image de soustraction balayée ligne par ligne ou colonne par colonne. L'utilisation de ces critères pour le recalage d'images non similaires conduit à des algorithmes de recalage qui sont démontrés être beaucoup plus robustes que les méthodes classiques les plus utilisées. Ensuite sont présentées diverses méthodes d'optimisation pour l'estimation des paramètres de recalage. Deux approches sont distinguées : La première repose sur une association de l'étude systématique de toutes les valeurs possibles des paramètres des transformations géométriques à une méthode d'optimisation monodimensionnelle destinée, elle, à l'estimation d'un paramètre d'une transformation de l'échelle de gris. La seconde est l'application d'une méthode d'optimisation globale par recherche aléatoire à la détermination simultanée de tous les paramètres de recalage. Cette méthodologie est appliquée à certaines techniques d'imagerie médicale: images scintigraphiques en rayons Gamma et images d'angiographie numérisée en rayons X

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination ofthe texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-ResolvedRaman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), highresolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2–7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We reporton SuperCam’s science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and waysthe different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is providedby the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targetsthemselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development,and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this workis to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and itwill serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the dat