2,949 research outputs found
Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: Back to the Future in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Although the importance of the anterolateral stabilizing structures of the knee in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has been recognized since many years, most of orthopedic surgeons do not take into consideration the anterolateral structures when performing an ACL reconstruction. Anatomic single or double bundle ACL reconstruction will improve knee stability, but a small subset of patients may experience some residual anteroposterior and rotational instability. For this reason, some researchers have turned again towards the anterolateral aspect of the knee and specifically the anterolateral ligament. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the anterolateral ligament of the knee, including anatomy, histology, biomechanics and imaging. In addition, the most common anterolateral reconstruction/tenodesis techniques are described together with their respective clinical outcomes
Meniscal root tear repair: why, when and how?
The integrity of the meniscal root insertions is fundamental to preserve correct knee kinematics and avoid degenerative changes of the knee. Injuries to the meniscal attachments can lead to meniscal extrusion, decreased contact surface, increased cartilage stress, and ultimately articular degeneration. Recent and well designed studies have clarified the anatomy and biomechanics of the medial and lateral meniscal roots. Although the treatment of meniscal root tears is still controversial, many different techniques have been described for root repair. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge regarding meniscal root tears, including anatomy, biomechanics and imaging. In addition, the most common surgical techniques, together with the clinical outcomes, are described
Primary prophylaxis of neutropenia in women affected by breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy with fec 100+/- docetaxel. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability between lenograstim and pegfilgrastim
Objectives: evaluate safety and toxicity of a single injection of pegfilgrastim compared
to daily administration of lenograstim in breast cancer patient undergoing adjuvant
chemotherapy
From finite geometry exact quantities to (elliptic) scattering amplitudes for spin chains: the 1/2-XYZ
Initially, we derive a nonlinear integral equation for the vacuum counting
function of the spin 1/2-XYZ chain in the {\it disordered regime}, thus
paralleling similar results by Kl\"umper \cite{KLU}, achieved through a
different technique in the {\it antiferroelectric regime}. In terms of the
counting function we obtain the usual physical quantities, like the energy and
the transfer matrix (eigenvalues). Then, we introduce a double scaling limit
which appears to describe the sine-Gordon theory on cylindrical geometry, so
generalising famous results in the plane by Luther \cite{LUT} and Johnson et
al. \cite{JKM}. Furthermore, after extending the nonlinear integral equation to
excitations, we derive scattering amplitudes involving solitons/antisolitons
first, and bound states later. The latter case comes out as manifestly related
to the Deformed Virasoro Algebra of Shiraishi et al. \cite{SKAO}. Although this
nonlinear integral equations framework was contrived to deal with finite
geometries, we prove it to be effective for discovering or rediscovering
S-matrices. As a particular example, we prove that this unique model furnishes
explicitly two S-matrices, proposed respectively by Zamolodchikov \cite{ZAMe}
and Lukyanov-Mussardo-Penati \cite{LUK, MP} as plausible scattering description
of unknown integrable field theories.Comment: Article, 41 pages, Late
The polarisation of afterglow emission reveals GRB jet structure
We numerically compute light and polarisation curves of gamma-ray burst
afterglows for various configurations of the jet luminosity structure and for
different dynamical evolutions. We especially consider the standard homogeneous
``top hat'' jet and the ``universal structured jet'' with power-law wings. We
also investigate a possible more physical variation of the ``top hat'' model:
the ``Gaussian jet''. The polarisation curves for the last two jet types are
shown here for the first time together with the computation of X-ray and radio
polarised fluxes. We show that the lightcurves of the total flux from these
configurations are very similar to each other, and therefore only very high
quality data could allow us to pin down the underlying jet structure. We
demonstrate instead that polarisation curves are a powerful means to solve the
jet structure, since the predicted behaviour of polarisation and its position
angle at times around the jet break are very different if not opposite. We
conclude that the afterglow polarisation measurements provide clear footprints
of any outflow energy distribution (unlike the lightcurves of the total flux)
and the joint analysis of the total and polarised flux should reveal GRBs jet
structure.Comment: 16 pages, 18 figures, MNRAS, temp, 321. Light curves and polarisation
curves for a Gaussian jet added. Cartoon of the three jet structures adde
Exact conserved quantities on the cylinder II: off-critical case
With the aim of exploring a massive model corresponding to the perturbation
of the conformal model [hep-th/0211094] the nonlinear integral equation for a
quantum system consisting of left and right KdV equations coupled on the
cylinder is derived from an integrable lattice field theory. The eigenvalues of
the energy and of the transfer matrix (and of all the other local integrals of
motion) are expressed in terms of the corresponding solutions of the nonlinear
integral equation. The analytic and asymptotic behaviours of the transfer
matrix are studied and given.Comment: enlarged version before sending to jurnal, second part of
hep-th/021109
On the commuting charges for the highest dimension SU(2) operators in planar SYM
We consider the highest anomalous dimension operator in the SU(2) sector of
planar SYM at all-loop, though neglecting wrapping contributions.
In any case, the latter enter the loop expansion only after a precise
length-depending order. In the thermodynamic limit we write both a linear
integral equation for the Bethe root density and a linear system obeyed by the
commuting charges. Consequently, we determine the leading strong coupling
contribution to the density and from this an approximation to the leading and
sub-leading terms of any charge : it scales as , which
generalises the Gubser-Klebanov-Polyakov energy law. In the end, we briefly
extend these considerations to finite lengths and 'excited' operators by using
the idea of a non-linear integral equation.Comment: Latex file, 20 pages, some typos corrected, some technical details
expanded and explaine
The generalised scaling function: a systematic study
We describe a procedure for determining the generalised scaling functions
at all the values of the coupling constant. These functions describe
the high spin contribution to the anomalous dimension of large twist operators
(in the sector) of SYM. At fixed , can be
obtained by solving a linear integral equation (or, equivalently, a linear
system with an infinite number of equations), whose inhomogeneous term only
depends on the solutions at smaller . In other words, the solution can be
written in a recursive form and then explicitly worked out in the strong
coupling regime. In this regime, we also emphasise the peculiar convergence of
different quantities ('masses', related to the ) to the unique mass gap
of the nonlinear sigma model and analyse the first next-to-leading order
corrections.Comment: Latex version, journal version (with explanatory appendices and more
references
Exact conserved quantities on the cylinder I: conformal case
The nonlinear integral equations describing the spectra of the left and right
(continuous) quantum KdV equations on the cylinder are derived from integrable
lattice field theories, which turn out to allow the Bethe Ansatz equations of a
twisted ``spin -1/2'' chain. A very useful mapping to the more common nonlinear
integral equation of the twisted continuous spin chain is found. The
diagonalization of the transfer matrix is performed. The vacua sector is
analysed in detail detecting the primary states of the minimal conformal models
and giving integral expressions for the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix.
Contact with the seminal papers \cite{BLZ, BLZ2} by Bazhanov, Lukyanov and
Zamolodchikov is realised. General expressions for the eigenvalues of the
infinite-dimensional abelian algebra of local integrals of motion are given and
explicitly calculated at the free fermion point.Comment: Journal version: references added and minor corrections performe
Alternative Translocation Breakpoint Cluster Region 5' to BCL-6 in B-cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Chromosomal translocations involving band 3q27 with various different partner chromosomes represent a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality
in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In a fraction of these translocations,
the chromosomal breakpoint is located within the 5' noncoding region of
the BCL-6 proto-oncogene where the BCL-6 major breakpoint region
(MBR) maps. As a result of the translocation, BCL-6 expression is deregulated by promoter substitution. However, between 30 and 50% of lymphomas with cytogenetically detectable translocations affecting band 3q27
retain a germ-line configuration at the BCL-6 locus. To identify possible
additional breakpoint clusters within 3q27, we cloned a t(3;14)(q27;q32)
lymphoma without MBR rearrangement and found a novel breakpoint
site located between 245 and 285 kb 5' to BCL-6. Breakpoints within this
newly described region, which we called the alternative breakpoint region
(ABR), were found to be recurrent in lymphomas carrying t(3q27) chromosomal translocations but devoid of BCL-6 MBR rearrangements. Comparative analysis of multiple lymphomas carrying rearrangements within
the ABR showed that the breakpoints cluster within a 20-kb distance.
Translocations involving the ABR may juxtapose BCL-6 to distantly
acting, heterologous transcriptional regulatory elements which cause deregulation of the proto-oncogene. The identification of BCL-6 ABR provides new tools for the diagnosis of lymphomas carrying aberrations at
3q27 and deregulated BCL-6 genes
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