Ofertismo em ciencia, fluxo acritico de tecnologias foraneas e enfoque gerencial : uma problematização da politica cientifica e tecnologica cubana

Orientador: Renato Peixoto DagninoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeocienciasResumo: Este trabalho identifica e discute três problemas da Política Científica e Tecnológica (PCT) cubana utilizando uma lógica que explica, cada um deles, a partir de três dimensões. A primeira dimensão se refere às concepções que servem de base ao modelo institucional predominante para o desenvolvimento da atividade científica e tecnológica durante o espaço temporal em que ocorre o problema a ser discutido. A segunda dimensão verifica se o problema tem-se manifestado também em outros países latinoamericanos. A terceira dimensão procura explicá-lo a partir das características do contexto cubano. Os dois primeiros problemas, -o ofertismo em ciência e o fluxo acrítico de tecnologias forâneas-, situam-se no espaço temporal que vai desde inícios dos anos sessenta até finais dos oitenta. O terceiro problema está associado ao que denominamos Enfoque Gerencial que é uma categoria formulada para dar conta de eventos em curso na década de noventa. Ele parece emergir da reação desarticulada de atores que intervêm no processo de inovação ante a desaparição do bloco socialista e a partir do uso da modelização deste processo originada nos países industrializados. Este enfoQue. Que tende a ser adotado como orientação pela PCT cubana, não parece ser capaz de superar os problemas já existentesAbstract: This work identifies and discusses three problems raised by Cuban Science and Technology Policy (STP), using a logic which explains each of these problems in three dimensions. The first dimension refers to concepts which serve as a basis for the predominant institutional model for the development of scientific and technological activities during the time interval in which the problems to be discussed occurred. The second dimension verifies whether the problem also occurred in other Latinamerican countries. The third dimension aims at explaining the problem based on characteristics of the cuban contexto The first two problems science offerism and the non-critical flow of foreign technologies are situated in the time interval from the early sixties to the late eighties. The third problem is related to what is called as the managerial approach, a category formulated to deal with events occurring in the nineties. It appears to have emerged from the disarticulated reaction by actors who intervene in the innovatorv process arisina from the disappearance of the socialist block and from the use of the modelization of this process which originated in industrialized countries. This approach, which tends to be adopted by the cuban STP, does not appear to be capable of overcoming already existant problemsMestradoMestre em Política Científica e Tecnológic

Protocol for a systematic scoping review of reasons given to justify the performance of randomised controlled trials.

IntroductionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) are widely viewed to generate the most reliable medical knowledge. However, RCTs are not always scientifically necessary and therefore not always ethical. Unfortunately, it is not clear when an RCT is not necessary or how this should be established. This study seeks to systematically catalogue justifications offered throughout the medical and ethics literature for performing randomisation within clinical trials.Methods and analysisWe will systematically search electronic databases of the medical literature including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Clinical Trials Register, Web of Science Proceedings, ClinicalTrials.gov; databases of philosophical literature including Philosopher's Index, Phil Papers, JSTOR, Periodicals Archive Online, Project MUSE, National Reference Centre for Bioethics; the library catalogue at the University of Ottawa; bibliographies of retrieved papers; and the grey literature. We will also pursue suggestions from experts in the fields of medical ethics, philosophy and clinical trial methodology. Article screening, selection and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers based on prespecified inclusion/exclusion criteria. A third reviewer will be consulted to resolve any discrepancies. We will then extract the reasons given to justify randomisation using methodology established to extract data in a defensible, systematic manner. We will track the reasons given, their frequency of use and changes over time. Finally, using grounded theory, we will combine the reasons into broader themes. These themes will form the foundation of our subsequent analysis from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. This review will map existing arguments that clinicians, ethicists and philosophers use to ethically justify randomisation in clinical trials.Ethics and disseminationNo research ethics board approval is necessary because we are not examining patient-level data. This protocol complies with the reported guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. The findings of this paper will be disseminated via presentations and academic publication. In a subsequent phase of this research, we hope to engage with stakeholders and translate any recommendations derived from our findings into operational guidelines

Effects of a neuroscience-based instructional guide on college student learning

The article aims to demonstrate the impact of neuroscience as an instructional strategy on student learning. This was an experimental research with a pre-experimental design that used a sample of 60 students on the Mathematics 1.0 course of the first cycle of the Continental University in the Academic period II - 2021. Significant contrasts were found between the results obtained before and after the application of the designed instructional guide, since the T value obtained is related with a significance level lower than 0.01, confirming the research hypothesis. When evaluating the effect of the application of the instructional guide with neuroscience as a strategy, it is shown to favorably affect the learning of students of the Mathematics 1.0 course of the first cycle of the Continental University, strengthening the entire learning process so that these can become meaningful. Therefore, it is recommended to continue implementing the instructional guide in all higher education courses without being limited to a single course as in the present study, as well as continue researching on the subject with larger samples.Campus Lima Centr

Comportamiento agronómico de poblaciones de maíz (Zea mays L.) que segregan al mutante poliembrionía

The maize polyembryony (PEm) is phenotypically expressed when the seed germinates in two or more seedlings simultaneously, which in turn develops the capacity to overcome the close competition among sisters and neighboring plants. Because of that, it is thought that the inclusion of PEm in some new maize varieties can be useful looking for high yields and corn grain quality as a response to the global food demand. This research is about the PEm inheritance, the inclusion, recovery of polyembryony in segregating populations, and exploring their performance capacity. The foundation populations were the progenies from crosses among polyembryonic sources and inbred lines, producing several F1 groups, and from each the proper F2, and G3 and G4 generations. The latter two were developed through successive positive assortative matings (AM+). G3 populations were used to generate diallel crossings, Griffing’s method 4, and part of them were evaluated in a performance assay, using a complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Results supported a validation of the inheritance model proposed for this sort of polyembryony, which states that the trait is controlled by two independent loci, under epistatic interaction of the type "duplicate gene action". Moreover, the arbitrarily handling of sexual reproduction in F2 plants and in G3 and G4 generations through positive assortative matings (AM+) increased the PEm frequency on an average up to 40 % in G4, departing from the 4.9 % in F2. Also, the performance assay shown a yield potential of the trait. The PEm mutant might be useful in maize production.La poliembrionía de maíz (PEm) se expresa fenotípicamente cuando la semilla germina en dos o más plántulas simultáneamente, lo que a su vez desarrolla la capacidad de superar la competencia cercana entre hermanas y plantas vecinas. Por eso, se cree que la inclusión de PEm en algunas variedades de maíz nuevas puede ser útil en busca de altos rendimientos y calidad de grano de maíz como respuesta a la demanda global de alimentos. Esta investigación trata sobre la herencia de PEm, la inclusión, la recuperación de la poliembrionía en poblaciones segregantes y la exploración de su capacidad de rendimiento. Las poblaciones de base fueron las progenies de cruzamientos entre fuentes poliembriónicas y líneas puras, produciendo varios grupos F1, F2, G3 y G4 apropiados. Los dos últimos se desarrollaron a través de apareamiento preferencial positivo (AM +). Las poblaciones G3 se utilizaron para generar cruzas dialélicas, método 4 de Griffing, y parte de ellas fueron evaluadas en un ensayo de rendimiento, utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo en parcelas subdivididas. Los resultados respaldaron una validación del modelo de herencia propuesto para este tipo de poliembrionía, en el cual se establece que el rasgo está controlado por dos loci independientes, bajo una interacción epistática del tipo "acción genética duplicada". Además, el manejo arbitrario de la reproducción sexual en plantas F2 y en generaciones G3 y G4 mediante apareamiento preferencial positivo (AM +) aumentó la frecuencia de PEm en un promedio de hasta 40% en G4, partiendo del 4,9% en F2. Además, el ensayo de rendimiento mostró potencial en los rasgos relacionados con el rendimiento. El mutante PEm podría ser útil en la producción de maíz.Fil: Alcalá-Rico, Juan Samuel Guadalupe Jesús. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (México)Fil: Espinoza-Velázquez, José. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (México)Fil: López-Benítez, Alfonso. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Puebla (México)Fil: Borrego-Escalante, Fernando. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (México)Fil: Rodriguez-Herrera, Raul. Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (México)Fil: Hernández-Martínez, Rosendo. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México

Neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: Five-year follow-up of a randomized trial

ObjectiveIn a randomized trial of 223 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, we have reported a neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia. To determine whether the beneficial effect of mild hypothermia was long-lasting, we repeated the psychometric tests in 131 patients after 5 years.MethodsPatients were cooled to 32°C during aortic crossclamping and then randomized to rewarming to either 34°C or 37°C, with no further rewarming until arrival in intensive care unit. Cognitive function was measured preoperatively and 1 week and 5 years postoperatively with a battery of 11 psychometric tests interrogating verbal memory, attention, and psychomotor speed and dexterity.ResultsPatients who had greater cognitive decline 1 week after surgery showed poorer performance 5 years later. The magnitude of cognitive decline over 5 years was modest. The incidence of deficits defined as a 1 standard deviation [SD] decline in at least 1 of 3 factors was not different between temperature groups. Fewer patients in the hypothermic group had deficits that persisted over the 5 years, but this difference did not attain statistical significance (RR = 0.64, P = .16).ConclusionsThe effect of surgery on cognitive function observed early after surgery is an important predictor of cognitive performance 5 years later. Although there was evidence of a neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia early after surgery in the original cohort, the results after 5 years were inconclusive. In general, the magnitude of cognitive changes over 5 years was modest. We believe that further trials investigating the efficacy of mild hypothermia in patients having cardiac surgery are warranted

Hyperthermia studies using inductive and ultrasound methods on E. coli bacteria and mouse glioma cells

The survival of Escherichia coli bacteria and mouse glioma cells were studied under different temperatures using direct heating in water, ultrasound, and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. The survival of these microorganisms depended on whether the heating mode was continuous or discontinuous, surviving more in the former than in the discontinuous heating mode. Whereas Escherichia coli bacteria did not survive at temperatures ≥50∘C, the mouse glioma cells did not survive at temperatures ≥48∘C

Agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.) populations segregating the polyembryony mutant

The maize polyembryony (PEm) is phenotypically expressed when the seed germinates in two or more seedlings simultaneously, which in turn develops the capacity to overcome the close competition among sisters and neighboring plants. Because of that, it is thought that the inclusion of PEm in some new maize varieties can be useful looking for high yields and corn grain quality as a response to the global food demand. This research is about the PEm inheritance, the inclusion, recovery of polyembryony in segregating populations, and exploring their performance capacity. The foundation populations were the progenies from crosses among polyembryonic sources and inbred lines, producing several F1 groups, and from each the proper F2, and G3 and G4 generations. The latter two were developed through successive positive assortative matings (AM+). G3 populations were used to generate diallel crossings, Griffing’s method 4, and part of them were evaluated in a performance assay, using a complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Results supported a validation of the inheritance model proposed for this sort of polyembryony, which states that the trait is controlled by two independent loci, under epistatic interaction of the type "duplicate gene action". Moreover, the arbitrarily handling of sexual reproduction in F2 plants and in G3 and G4 generations through positive assortative matings (AM+) increased the PEm frequency on an average up to 40 % in G4, departing from the 4.9 % in F2. Also, the performance assay shown a yield potential of the trait. The PEm mutant might be useful in maize production. The maize polyembryony (PEm) is phenotypically expressed when the seed germinates in two or more seedlings simultaneously, which in turn develops the capacity to overcome the close competition among sisters and neighboring plants. Because of that, it is thought that the inclusion of PEm in some new maize varieties can be useful looking for high yields and corn grain quality as a response to the global food demand. This research is about the PEm inheritance, the inclusion, recovery of polyembryony in segregating populations, and exploring their performance capacity. The foundation populations were the progenies from crosses among polyembryonic sources and inbred lines, producing several F1 groups, and from each the proper F2, and G3 and G4 generations. The latter two were developed through successive positive assortative matings (AM+). G3 populations were used to generate diallel crossings, Griffing’s method 4, and part of them were evaluated in a performance assay, using a complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Results supported a validation of the inheritance model proposed for this sort of polyembryony, which states that the trait is controlled by two independent loci, under epistatic interaction of the type "duplicate gene action". Moreover, the arbitrarily handling of sexual reproduction in F2 plants and in G3 and G4 generations through positive assortative matings (AM+) increased the PEm frequency on an average up to 40 % in G4, departing from the 4.9 % in F2. Also, the performance assay shown a yield potential of the trait. The PEm mutant might be useful in maize production.&nbsp

Pre-Columbian alloys from the royal tombs of Sipán and from the Museum of Sicán

On the north coast of present-day Peru, approximately between 50 and 700 AD, flourished the Moche civilization. It was an advanced culture, and the Moche were sophisticated metalsmiths. The Moche metal working ability was impressively shown by the excavations of the “Tumbas Reales de Sipán”, discovered by W. Alva and co-workers in 1987. The Sicán culture is a successive civilization (750-1375 AD) which extended as far as present day Piura in the north and Trujillo in the south. The Sicán culture was strongly influenced by the Moche culture, particularly in its metallurgical development (Shimada and Griffin, 1994). The metal objects from the Museums of Sipán and Sicán were analyzed with a portable equipment which uses energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF). This portable equipment is composed of a small size X-ray tube and a Si-PIN thermoelectrically cooled X-ray detector. It was determined that the analyzed artefacts are composed of gold, silver and copper alloys, of gilded copper, of silvered gold, and of tumbaga, the last being a poor gold alloy enriched at the surface by depletion gilding, i.e. removing copper from the surface. In the case of gold, silver and copper alloys, their composition was determined by EDXRF analysis employing standard alloys. In the case of gilded copper, silvered copper and of tumbaga, the ratio Cu(Ka/Kb) was accurately determined from the X-ray spectra, first in order to clearly distinguish them, and subsequently in order to determine the thickness of the gilding. Mean values of 0.4 µm and 2.7 µm were determined for gilded copper and tumbaga, respectively. For gilded silver, the ratio Ag(Ka /Kb) was measured. The ratios Au-Ka/Cu-Ka, Ag-Ka/Cu-Ka and Au-Ka/Ag-Ka (gilded copper, silvered copper, and gilded silver, respectively) also depend on the thickness of gilding or silvering, and were employed to this aim.Sur la côte nord de l’actuel Pérou, entre environ 50 et 700 AD, prospérait la civilisation Moche. Cette culture était très avancée et les Moches étaient des métallurgistes avertis. Leur talent pour travailler le métal est illustré par les fouilles du site des “Tumbas Reales de Sipán”, découvert par W. Alva et collaborateurs en 1987. La culture Sicán est une civilisation qui se succède de 750 à 1375 AD et qui s’étend au nord jusqu’à Piura et au sud jusqu’à Trujillo. La culture Sicán a été fortement influencée par la culture Moche, et tout particulièrement leur métallurgie (Shimada et Griffin, 1994). Les objets métalliques des musées de Sipán et Sicán ont été analysés avec un spectromètre portable à fluorescence X à dispersion d’énergie. Cet équipement est constitué d’un tube à rayons-X miniaturisé et d’un détecteur de rayons-X de type Si-PIN à refroidissement thermoélectrique.  Nous avons pu montrer que les objets sont fabriqués avec des alliages d’or, argent et cuivre, avec du cuivre et de l’argent doré ainsi qu’avec du tumbaga, alliage d’or enrichi par mise en couleur, c’est-à-dire par appauvrissement en surface du cuivre. Les compositions des alliages en or, argent et cuivre ont été déterminées par ED-FX au moyen de standards d’or. Pour différencier les cuivres et les argents dorés ainsi que les tumbaga et ensuite déterminer l’épaisseur de la dorure, le rapport Cu(Ka/Kb) a été déterminé avec précision à partir des spectres à rayons X. Des valeurs moyennes de, respectivement, 0,4µm et 2,7µm ont été déterminées pour les cuivres dorés et les tumbaga. Pour les argents dorés, c’est le rapport Ag(Ka/Kb) qui a été mesuré. Les rapports Au-Ka/Cu-Ka, Ag-Ka/Cu-Ka et Au-Ka/Ag-Ka (cuivres dorés, cuivres argentés et argents dorés, respectivement) dépendent aussi de l’épaisseur de la dorure et de l’argenture

Hábitos Alimentares das Pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 em Portugal: Um Estudo Transversal

Introdução: A nutrição é uma área de intervenção na prevenção e gestão da diabetes mellitus; por isso, é fulcral promover a capacitação da população para a adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Ainda que existam alguns estudos nesta área, não se conhecem os principais erros nos hábitos alimentares das pessoas com diabetes em Portugal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os principais erros nos hábitos alimentares das pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em Portugal e avaliar a sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico, em amostra de conveniência de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 seguidas em Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Aplicação do UK Diabetes and Diet Questionnaire (UKDDQ) – traduzido e adaptado, de julho a outubro de 2022. Análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Amostra de 550 participantes, 52,2% do sexo feminino, 68,3% com 65 anos ou mais, 55,8% com nível de escolaridade igual ou inferior ao 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, 24,7% com insuficiência económica e tempo desde o diagnóstico médio de 10,60 ± 8,13 anos. Apenas 36,2% da amostra obteve um score UKDDQ considerado saudável. Menos de 50% obteve scores saudáveis para os itens “arroz ou massa ricos em fibras”, “pão integral”, “manteiga, margarina e óleos vegetais” e “vegetais e leguminosas”. Somente 8,9% da amostra obteve score saudável para o consumo de fibras. Cerca de 70,4% obteve score saudável para o consumo de açúcares livres e 54,7% para o consumo de ácidos gordos saturados. Verificou-se a existência de uma correlação com significado estatístico positiva fraca entre o score UKDDQ e a idade (ρ = 0,201, p < 0,001), com escolha mais frequente de alimentos saudáveis com o aumentar da idade. As pessoas do sexo feminino reportaram hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis, particularmente no consumo de fibras e ácidos gordos saturados. Conclusão: A maior parte da nossa amostra não usufruiu do potencial efeito positivo de uma alimentação saudável. Individualizam-se grupos de alimentos cujos consumos devem ser enfatizados ou desencorajados, particularmente, a necessidade de incentivar o consumo de alimentos ricos em fibra. Ações educacionais dirigidas devem ter especial foco em pessoas mais jovens e/ou do sexo masculino