MODELING PUBLIC POLICIES ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS COLLABORATION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE POTATO IN COLOMBIA.

The agricultural sector is considered fundamental for the supply of food needs of humanity, given the population growth. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population is estimated to be 9 billion people by the year 2050 and where the conditions of climate change can decrease crop yield up to 25%. This triggers greater vulnerability to the neediest population, being the rural sector the one hosting the poorest people. The rural area of Colombia represents 94% of extend the national territory, where 24% of the population lives a scenario of multiple problems that affect the country, such as the armed conflict of more than five decades, the presence of illicit crops and social inequality. Proof of this is that 0.4% of the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) have 41.1% of the total rural area registered by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE [3].That is, the land is the property or responsibility of a single producer natural or legal. The concentration of land leads to factors of inequality, where 41.4% of the population is in conditions of poverty and 18% in extreme poverty. These factors deteriorate given the low productivity, where about 36 million hectares are dedicated to livestock production and could have agricultural or forestry use, generating speculation in prices and a greater concentration of land and wealth. In Colombia, of the total of the rural area (excluding natural forests) only 12.7% goes to crops. Approximately 7.12 million hectares have agricultural vocation and whose production supplies the basic food needs of about 70% of the total of the Colombian population, mostly from small and medium-sized farmers. An exponent of colombian agriculture reality and whose production allows the livelihood of millions of people, is the agricultural sector of the potato. The potato is the object of study of this research and whose origin goes back to the Andes mountain range of South America. 7000 years ago, the wild plant was traded around the Titicaca river and began its process of domestication by hunters and gatherers who inhabited the area. Later, around the year 1400 the Incas improved the agricultural advances of their predecessors, where as well as corn, the potato was essential to make sure the food security of their empire that stretched from what is known today as Argentina to Colombia. With the Spanish invasion, the Inca civilization ended, however, the same did not happen with the potato, which spread to Europe between 1532 and 1572, where the aristocracy admired the potato flower but considered it a food not suitable for human consumption. Towards 1770, continental Europe was hit by famine, which opened the way to recognize the potato as a high-value food and food security. From that moment and during the nineteenth century it helped to meet the demographic growth of Europe, the United States and the British region. This is how the potato presents a strong global expansion, occupying the fifth place of the staple foods of higher production, after sugarcane, corn, rice and wheat, where its world production is estimated at 368 million tons per year. In Colombia, 80% of the cultivated area corresponds to agro industrial crops, tubers, bananas and cereals, which together represent 63% of agricultural production. The potato is the fourth product of greater national production [9] and the second when excluding the products of the agro industrial group, such as sugarcane and palm oil. During the last decade, the cultivated area decreased 2.51%. The yield only increased by 0.84% and the production fell 1.69%, behaviour opposite to the growth of the population, which in the same period was 1.32%. The yield of the crop in Colombia, is estimated between 15 and 17 tons per hectare cultivated, a low performance compared to the average presented by the countries with higher productivity, such as Belgium (45.3 tons / ha), New Zealand (45.1 tons / ha), Holland (43.8 tons / ha) and the United States (42.1 tons / ha). In Colombia around 90,000 families [10] are directly related to the production of potatoes, corresponding to 44,966 agricultural production units (UPA) and where the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Nariño represent 85.3% of national production. According to the amount of hectares planted, the producers are classified as small, medium and large, where the small producer's share represents 90%, with land up to 3 hectares and which generates 45% of the production. Followed by the medium producer with a 7% share, planting between 3 and 10 hectares and 35% of the production. Finally, the large producer with extensions of more than 10 hectares, represents 3% of the producers generating 20% of the production. This is how small farmers have a fundamental role in national production, despite restricted access to technology and better agricultural practices. The potato presents seasonality in its production, depending on the rainy season due to absent artificial irrigation systems, the in elasticity of the demand for prices, and the lack of proper storage systems. This facilitates an unbalanced environment between supply and demand, reflected in a high volatility of prices to the detriment of the producer and which, when added to the high costs of the crop, generates low financial returns. These are reflected in the investments made in hectares cultivated in the next period. These characteristics highlight the need to transform the countryside. They seek to strengthen agricultural competitiveness to consolidate the sector as a generator of employment and wealth for rural inhabitants. These requires comprehensive interventions in territorial planning, provision of public goods and social services, productive inclusion of the farmers, as well as develop mechanisms that bring small producers closer to the city markets. The above frames the challenge of infrastructure as a trigger of develop the field, to reducing transport costs and improving the conservation of products along the logistics chain. Precisely the deficient quantity and quality of infrastructure has generated the appearance of a large number of intermediaries in the supply network, weakening the commercial position of the producers. On the other hand, the low-level of associativity of Colombian agricultural producers, which according to the national agricultural census of 2014, shows how 73.7% of producers declare not belonging to any association or union [3]. This reduces the possibility of access to best practices that improve their conditions, and reducing the potential of their competitiveness and positioning in the logistics network. Through greater synergies, reflected among other aspects, in costs, opportunity and innovation, that is, it produces a greater capacity of the process to serve increasingly dynamic markets. This is how in recent years, and as it has been defined in various world forums, the international community has reaffirmed the need to formulate agricultural strategies that allow its sustained growth and that address develop the rural population. However, despite the interest collective and given the diversity of conditions surrounding agricultural development, it is not enough to stick to traditional policies such as import controls, subsidies or credit policies, among others. That is why this research addresses agricultural development from a perspective of collaborative logistics. In addition to encouraging develop the producer, this allows us to consider global realities such as climate change, the growing need for food, the increase in population and the volatility of the prices of food, which together threaten the food security of nations and where Colombia can play a strategic role, thanks to its natural characteristics, but which need policies and actions to achieve it. This implies the need for developing strategies to face these challenges, considering disintegrate the processes as an over effort among the members of the logistics network, with collaboration as a driving force for competitiveness in value chains being fundamental. The integration of agricultural logistics processes depends directly on the aggregate planning of supply chain requirements and this is where this research recognizes the distribution centers, as central nodes of the network, by directly influencing the planning and development of other logistics activities. These include : the supply of materials and supplies, inventory management, co-packing, added value processes and planning to distribute merchandise, as well as a mediator between the producer and the consumer. In this way, for logistics networks, the challenge arises when balancing the variability of supply and demand conditions with capacity models. To reduce uncertainty in decision-making, in a sector that in addition to technical assistance to improve crop yields, this also requires the formulation and implementation of public policies that encourage better logistical practices to trigger greater producer development. This research has the purpose of analysing the dynamic performance of the agricultural supply of potatoes in Colombia and the incidence of horizontal collaborative processes in distribution centers. This allows defining guidelines to formulate public policies for improving the performance of the rural sector, measured through production costs, crop yield and financial gross margin obtained by the producer. To do the purpose stated above, the problem is addressed through the different chapters, where the first chapter is based on the modeling of the agricultural sector of the potato. This integrates parameters of previous studies associated with the possible effects of the armed post-conflict in the target country and the effect on the crop in conditions of climate change, allowing the generation of diverse scenarios, contrasted through performance measures. Subsequently, in the second chapter, public policy scenarios that impel collaborative relationships between producers through specialized logistics infrastructures, such as distribution centers, are integrated into the modeling of the system. This considers public-private partnerships evaluated at different agreement times and promotion of the State for the associative participation of the producers, where simulate the different scenarios allows us to find the elements to be considered as guidelines to formulate public policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the scenario with the best performance obtained and is addressed through sensitivity analysis on policy levers, that is, on those elements that the decision maker can intervene to reinforce the feedback loops and to encourage the performance measures analysed. This is how the complexity of the system is addressed, analysing a possible strategy to develop collaborative distribution centers through public-private partnerships that stimulate the sector. This gives more power of actuation and decision making to the producer. The understanding of the system through the obtained results will allow us to identify basic guidelines to consider in the definition of public policies that impact the performance of the sector.The agricultural sector is considered fundamental for the supply of food needs of humanity, given the population growth. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population is estimated to be 9 billion people by the year 2050 and where the conditions of climate change can decrease crop yield up to 25%. This triggers greater vulnerability to the neediest population, being the rural sector the one hosting the poorest people. The rural area of Colombia represents 94% of extend the national territory, where 24% of the population lives a scenario of multiple problems that affect the country, such as the armed conflict of more than five decades, the presence of illicit crops and social inequality. Proof of this is that 0.4% of the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) have 41.1% of the total rural area registered by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE [3].That is, the land is the property or responsibility of a single producer natural or legal. The concentration of land leads to factors of inequality, where 41.4% of the population is in conditions of poverty and 18% in extreme poverty. These factors deteriorate given the low productivity, where about 36 million hectares are dedicated to livestock production and could have agricultural or forestry use, generating speculation in prices and a greater concentration of land and wealth. In Colombia, of the total of the rural area (excluding natural forests) only 12.7% goes to crops. Approximately 7.12 million hectares have agricultural vocation and whose production supplies the basic food needs of about 70% of the total of the Colombian population, mostly from small and medium-sized farmers. An exponent of colombian agriculture reality and whose production allows the livelihood of millions of people, is the agricultural sector of the potato. The potato is the object of study of this research and whose origin goes back to the Andes mountain range of South America. 7000 years ago, the wild plant was traded around the Titicaca river and began its process of domestication by hunters and gatherers who inhabited the area. Later, around the year 1400 the Incas improved the agricultural advances of their predecessors, where as well as corn, the potato was essential to make sure the food security of their empire that stretched from what is known today as Argentina to Colombia. With the Spanish invasion, the Inca civilization ended, however, the same did not happen with the potato, which spread to Europe between 1532 and 1572, where the aristocracy admired the potato flower but considered it a food not suitable for human consumption. Towards 1770, continental Europe was hit by famine, which opened the way to recognize the potato as a high-value food and food security. From that moment and during the nineteenth century it helped to meet the demographic growth of Europe, the United States and the British region. This is how the potato presents a strong global expansion, occupying the fifth place of the staple foods of higher production, after sugarcane, corn, rice and wheat, where its world production is estimated at 368 million tons per year. In Colombia, 80% of the cultivated area corresponds to agro industrial crops, tubers, bananas and cereals, which together represent 63% of agricultural production. The potato is the fourth product of greater national production [9] and the second when excluding the products of the agro industrial group, such as sugarcane and palm oil. During the last decade, the cultivated area decreased 2.51%. The yield only increased by 0.84% and the production fell 1.69%, behaviour opposite to the growth of the population, which in the same period was 1.32%. The yield of the crop in Colombia, is estimated between 15 and 17 tons per hectare cultivated, a low performance compared to the average presented by the countries with higher productivity, such as Belgium (45.3 tons / ha), New Zealand (45.1 tons / ha), Holland (43.8 tons / ha) and the United States (42.1 tons / ha). In Colombia around 90,000 families [10] are directly related to the production of potatoes, corresponding to 44,966 agricultural production units (UPA) and where the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Nariño represent 85.3% of national production. According to the amount of hectares planted, the producers are classified as small, medium and large, where the small producer's share represents 90%, with land up to 3 hectares and which generates 45% of the production. Followed by the medium producer with a 7% share, planting between 3 and 10 hectares and 35% of the production. Finally, the large producer with extensions of more than 10 hectares, represents 3% of the producers generating 20% of the production. This is how small farmers have a fundamental role in national production, despite restricted access to technology and better agricultural practices. The potato presents seasonality in its production, depending on the rainy season due to absent artificial irrigation systems, the in elasticity of the demand for prices, and the lack of proper storage systems. This facilitates an unbalanced environment between supply and demand, reflected in a high volatility of prices to the detriment of the producer and which, when added to the high costs of the crop, generates low financial returns. These are reflected in the investments made in hectares cultivated in the next period. These characteristics highlight the need to transform the countryside. They seek to strengthen agricultural competitiveness to consolidate the sector as a generator of employment and wealth for rural inhabitants. These requires comprehensive interventions in territorial planning, provision of public goods and social services, productive inclusion of the farmers, as well as develop mechanisms that bring small producers closer to the city markets. The above frames the challenge of infrastructure as a trigger of develop the field, to reducing transport costs and improving the conservation of products along the logistics chain. Precisely the deficient quantity and quality of infrastructure has generated the appearance of a large number of intermediaries in the supply network, weakening the commercial position of the producers. On the other hand, the low-level of associativity of Colombian agricultural producers, which according to the national agricultural census of 2014, shows how 73.7% of producers declare not belonging to any association or union [3]. This reduces the possibility of access to best practices that improve their conditions, and reducing the potential of their competitiveness and positioning in the logistics network. Through greater synergies, reflected among other aspects, in costs, opportunity and innovation, that is, it produces a greater capacity of the process to serve increasingly dynamic markets. This is how in recent years, and as it has been defined in various world forums, the international community has reaffirmed the need to formulate agricultural strategies that allow its sustained growth and that address develop the rural population. However, despite the interest collective and given the diversity of conditions surrounding agricultural development, it is not enough to stick to traditional policies such as import controls, subsidies or credit policies, among others. That is why this research addresses agricultural development from a perspective of collaborative logistics. In addition to encouraging develop the producer, this allows us to consider global realities such as climate change, the growing need for food, the increase in population and the volatility of the prices of food, which together threaten the food security of nations and where Colombia can play a strategic role, thanks to its natural characteristics, but which need policies and actions to achieve it. This implies the need for developing strategies to face these challenges, considering disintegrate the processes as an over effort among the members of the logistics network, with collaboration as a driving force for competitiveness in value chains being fundamental. The integration of agricultural logistics processes depends directly on the aggregate planning of supply chain requirements and this is where this research recognizes the distribution centers, as central nodes of the network, by directly influencing the planning and development of other logistics activities. These include : the supply of materials and supplies, inventory management, co-packing, added value processes and planning to distribute merchandise, as well as a mediator between the producer and the consumer. In this way, for logistics networks, the challenge arises when balancing the variability of supply and demand conditions with capacity models. To reduce uncertainty in decision-making, in a sector that in addition to technical assistance to improve crop yields, this also requires the formulation and implementation of public policies that encourage better logistical practices to trigger greater producer development. This research has the purpose of analysing the dynamic performance of the agricultural supply of potatoes in Colombia and the incidence of horizontal collaborative processes in distribution centers. This allows defining guidelines to formulate public policies for improving the performance of the rural sector, measured through production costs, crop yield and financial gross margin obtained by the producer. To do the purpose stated above, the problem is addressed through the different chapters, where the first chapter is based on the modeling of the agricultural sector of the potato. This integrates parameters of previous studies associated with the possible effects of the armed post-conflict in the target country and the effect on the crop in conditions of climate change, allowing the generation of diverse scenarios, contrasted through performance measures. Subsequently, in the second chapter, public policy scenarios that impel collaborative relationships between producers through specialized logistics infrastructures, such as distribution centers, are integrated into the modeling of the system. This considers public-private partnerships evaluated at different agreement times and promotion of the State for the associative participation of the producers, where simulate the different scenarios allows us to find the elements to be considered as guidelines to formulate public policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the scena

Gestión de costos en las cadenas productivas: reflexiones sobre su génesis

Cost management represents an important tool for decision-making in companies, especially in times characterized by high levels of uncertainty and restrictions. The objective is to analyze cost management from the perspective of production chains. It relies on the review and analysis of scientific documents, from specialized databases, in order to identify aspects that allow us to focus attention not only on internal production relations and their costs; but rather in the analysis of costs incurred in other links in the chain: supply (provision of essential production factors) and marketing and sales (output of products derived from core activity). When companies require focused accounting information for analysis and projections, cost accounting is an alternative. However, changing contexts require combining specific methods, measures and reports on costs with qualitative elements offered by the administration. Both disciplines complement each other and give rise to management accounting or cost management. This, from the conception of production chains, allows more powerful organizations, by assuming an extended vision in cost analysis. Adding and expanding from a comprehensive view, allows to analyze and evaluate costs associated with the supply of inputs, the production and marketing of products or services with a greater direction and support of business decisionsLa gestión de costos representa una importante herramienta para la toma de decisiones en empresas, más en épocas caracterizadas por altos niveles de incertidumbre y restricciones. Se precisa como objetivo analizar la gestión de costos desde la perspectiva de las cadenas productivas. Se apoya en la revisión y análisis de documentos científicos, procedentes de bases de datos especializadas, con la finalidad de identificar aspectos que permitan centrar la atención no solo en las relaciones internas de producción y sus costos; sino en el análisis cuantitativo en otros eslabones de la cadena: aprovisionamiento (disposición de factores de producción esenciales) y comercialización y ventas (salida de productos derivados de la actividad medular). Cuando las empresas requieren información contable focalizada para realizar análisis y proyecciones, la contabilidad de costos es una alternativa. Sin embargo, contextos cambiantes, exigen combinar métodos, medidas y reportes específicos sobre costos, con elementos cualitativos ofrecidos por la administración. Ambas disciplinas se complementan y dan surgimiento a la contabilidad de gestión o gestión de costos. Esta desde la concepción de cadenas productivas, permite organizaciones más potentes, al asumir una visión extendida en el análisis de las erogaciones incurridas. Sumar y ampliar desde una visión integral, permite analizar y evaluar costos asociados al aprovisionamiento de insumos, la producción y comercialización de productos o servicios con un mayor direccionamiento y sustento de decisiones empresariales

Memorial Descritivo para a promoção à Classe E – Titular do Magistério Superior

Este Memorial descritivo foi realizado como parte das exigências para a promoção à Classe E, Professor Titular da Carreira do Magistério Superior, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). O memorial é um registro comentado das atividades realizadas durante minha formação acadêmica e profissional. Aqui também incluo e comento algumas atividades/momentos/passagens, que considero relevantes e que pouco a pouco foram moldando minha carreira acadêmica. Algumas destas atividades são anteriores à minha contratação na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, e por terem sido altamente enriquecedoras, acredito que impactaram positivamente na minha atuação profissional nesta Universidade

Estructura y estabilidad de la producción agrícola ante las perturbaciones del cambio climático

La agricultura contemporánea se enfrenta al enorme desafío de satisfacer la demanda de alimentos de una creciente población mundial, de manera sostenible y frente a un clima cambiante. Hasta ahora los modelos estadísticos utilizados consideran que el rendimiento del cultivo sigue el comportamiento del clima en el cual se encuentra. Sin embargo, esto no suele concordar con los nuevos hallazgos de estancamiento del rendimiento ni con la biología del cultivo (e.g. limitaciones biofísicas), lo cual indica que otros factores tienen que estar implicados. En esta tesis utilizamos una aproximación novedosa basada en la teoría de sistemas dinámicos para evaluar los distintos tipos de factores (internos y externos) que pueden determinar la dinámica del rendimiento del cultivo bajo el efecto del cambio climático. Analizamos la dinámica del rendimiento de los principales cultivos de cereales en regiones estratégicas y cómo distintas variables climáticas, el nivel de CO2 atmosférico, el riego y la diversidad de malezas han impactado sobre el cultivo durante su período de crecimiento. Al incluir las limitaciones biofísicas del cultivo en nuestros modelos hemos detectado que la tasa de crecimiento del rendimiento disminuye cuando nos acercamos a su capacidad máxima. Este resultado nos desvela propiedades de regulación y estabilización del sistema, y nos permite explicar y predecir los estancamientos del rendimiento del cultivo a partir de una interpretación biológica simple e intuitiva. Se trata de un resultado clave que determina la capacidad de respuesta y recuperación del cultivo ante modificaciones de su ambiente. Detectamos además características comunes en las dinámicas de rendimiento de cultivos muy distintos (hemos evaluado cultivos de verano e invierno, plantas C3 y C4, cereales y oleaginosas, etc.); todos ellos coinciden en los mecanismos internos que generan el patrón observado (retroalimentaciones negativas de primer orden). Hemos identificado cómo los factores externos (e.g. el cambio climático, el aumento del nivel de CO2 atmosférico y la diversidad de malezas) afectan al rendimiento del cultivo. Para ello hemos modelado explícitamente todos los mecanismos por los cuales dichos factores podrían perturbar la dinámica del rendimiento (i.e. modificando su capacidad máxima de aumento, su potencial de rendimiento o incluso afectando la forma de la función de la tasa de crecimiento). Un aspecto novedoso que se desprende de nuestros resultados es el hecho de que los efectos climáticos no aditivos (multiplicativos o no lineales; i.e. cuando la respuesta del cultivo depende de su nivel de rendimiento) son más comunes que los aditivos (i.e. cuando el efecto del clima es independiente del rendimiento del cultivo). Nuestros resultados indican, por tanto, que los cultivos de alto rendimiento son los más vulnerables al cambio climático. Para estos cultivos un pequeño cambio en el clima puede disminuir drásticamente su rendimiento. Este hallazgo podría explicar por qué los cultivos de alto rendimiento suelen presentar una mayor inestabilidad y cómo se generan los patrones no lineales de respuesta del cultivo que hasta ahora han sido difíciles de explicar y predecir. Se trata de un resultado crucial, ya que ignorar la respuesta diferencial de cultivos de bajo y alto rendimiento conduciría a predicciones imprecisas sobre el impacto del cambio climático. En tercer lugar, en esta tesis evaluamos de manera explícita la efectividad del riego a la hora de disminuir la brecha del rendimiento de los cultivos y, mediante el análisis de experimentos a largo plazo, determinamos bajo qué circunstancias la diversidad de la comunidad de malezas puede ser beneficiosa para los cultivos y cómo interacciona con el clima. Este es un tema clave ya que la adaptación y mitigación del impacto del cambio climático sobre la agricultura pasa por la mejora de la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos utilizados (e.g. el agua para riego y la diversidad del sistema, entre otros). Avanzamos así soluciones a medio plazo en regiones estratégicas para la seguridad alimentaria

Ecosistemas de producción camaroneros: Estudios y proyecciones para la gestión de costos

The current pandemic situation has forced companies to join forces to keep production active. The research characterizes the shrimp production ecosystems, as a basis for the identification of central costs in the productive operations of companies in Ecuador, taking as a reference the years 2019-2020. Supported by a qualitative documentary methodology, with documents from scientific journals scopus, web of science, scielo, latindex, among others related to the subject, the characteristics of the different stages of shrimp production were identified, from the preparation of ponds , pools, planting, transfer, fattening, until the shrimp harvest. The main findings show that the studied ecosystems handle stages associated with management and harvest, specifying the adaptation and conditioning of the soils, management of the supply of inputs and raw materials, highlighting the obtaining of shrimp larvae for their rearing and fattening. Also important are processes such as the control of salinity, temperature, oxygen, feeders, as well as manual and mechanized harvesting tasks. In all of them monetary resources are consumed that when classified they become costs. Associated resources are tracked in each phase in order to project the costs associated with the crustacean's productive cycle, for future determination under process costing methodologies. The full understanding of these ecosystems becomes the basis for the organization, determination and calculation of the cost; Useful tool in the decision-making process and in the calculation of real profitability and permanence in the markets.La situación actual de pandemia, ha obligado a que las empresas sumen esfuerzos para mantener activa la producción. La investigación, caracteriza los ecosistemas de producción camaroneros, como base para la identificación de costos centrales en las operaciones productivas de empresas de Ecuador, teniendo como referencia los años 2019-2020. Apoyados en una metodología de corte documental, cualitativa, con documentos procedentes de revistas científicas scopus, web of science, scielo, latindex, entre otros relativos al tema, se identificaron las características de las diferentes etapas de producción del camarón, desde la preparación de estanques, piscinas, siembra, transferencia, engorde, hasta la cosecha del camarón. Los principales hallazgos demuestran que los ecosistemas estudiados manejan etapas asociadas al manejo y cosecha, precisando la adaptación y acondicionamiento de los suelos, gestión del aprovisionamiento de insumos y materia prima, resaltando la obtención de la larva de camarón para su cría y engorde. También son importantes procesos como el control de salinidad, temperatura, oxigeno, alimentadores, así como las labores de cosecha manual y mecanizada. En todos ellos se consumen recursos monetarios que al clasificarlos se convierten en costos. Se rastrean en cada fase recursos asociados con la finalidad de proyectar los costos asociados al ciclo productivo del crustáceo, para su determinación futura bajo metodologías de costeo por proceso. La comprensión plena de estos ecosistemas se convierte en base para la organización, determinación y cálculo del costo; herramienta útil, en el proceso decisorio y en el cálculo de la rentabilidad real y la permanencia en los mercados

La problemática del lenguaje : Algunas consideraciones sobre los estudios lingüísticos

El texto plantea una introducción a los principales problemas que plantea el estudio del lenguaje: delimitación del objeto, principios de investigación, modelos teóricos en lingüística contemporánea y diferentes perspectivas de estudio.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

La problemática del lenguaje : Algunas consideraciones sobre los estudios lingüísticos

El texto plantea una introducción a los principales problemas que plantea el estudio del lenguaje: delimitación del objeto, principios de investigación, modelos teóricos en lingüística contemporánea y diferentes perspectivas de estudio.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

La problemática del lenguaje : Algunas consideraciones sobre los estudios lingüísticos

El texto plantea una introducción a los principales problemas que plantea el estudio del lenguaje: delimitación del objeto, principios de investigación, modelos teóricos en lingüística contemporánea y diferentes perspectivas de estudio.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Biolingüística (Gramática generativa)

El texto tiene como objetivo presentar el modelo teórico de la Gramática Generativa en sus aspectos más relevantes: centro de investigación, objeto de estudio, temas de investigación, hipótesis, modelos y etapas.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Biolingüística (Gramática generativa)

El texto tiene como objetivo presentar el modelo teórico de la Gramática Generativa en sus aspectos más relevantes: centro de investigación, objeto de estudio, temas de investigación, hipótesis, modelos y etapas.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació