Revised Temperament and Character Inventory factors predict neuropsychiatric symptoms and aging-related cognitive decline across 25 years

IntroductionPersonality traits and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as neuroticism and depression share genetic overlap and have both been identified as risks factors for development of aging-related neurocognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to examine revised personality factors derived from the Temperament and Character Inventory, previously shown to be associated with psychiatric disorders, as predictors of neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and brain trajectories of participants from a population-based aging study.MethodsMixed-effect linear regression analyses were conducted on data for the full sample (Nmax = 1,286), and a healthy subsample not converting to AD-dementia during 25-year follow-up (Nmax = 1,145), complemented with Cox proportional regression models to determine risk factors for conversion to clinical AD.ResultsTwo personality factors, Closeness to Experience (CE: avoidance of new stimuli, high anxiety, pessimistic anticipation, low reward seeking) and Tendence to Liabilities (TL: inability to change, low autonomy, unaware of the value of their existence) were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, stress (CE), sleep disturbance (TL), as well as greater decline in memory, vocabulary and verbal fluency in the full sample. Higher CE was additionally associated with greater memory decline across 25 years in the healthy subsample, and faster right hippocampal volume reduction across 8 years in a neuroimaging subsample (N = 216). Most, but not all, personality-cognition associations persisted after controlling for diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Concerning risks for conversion to AD, higher age, and APOE-ε4, but none of the personality measures, were significant predictors.ConclusionThe results indicate that personality traits associated with psychiatric symptoms predict accelerated age-related neurocognitive declines even in the absence of neurodegenerative disease. The attenuation of some personality effects on cognition after adjustment for health indicators suggests that those effects may be partly mediated by somatic health. Taken together, the results further emphasize the importance of personality traits in neurocognitive aging and underscore the need for an integrative (biopsychosocial) perspective of normal and pathological age-related cognitive decline

Rôle des symptômes neuropsychiatriques dans le déclin cognitif dû à la maladie d’Alzheimer : associations structurelles cérébrales et neuropsychologiques

Les symptômes neuropsychiatriques (SNP), des perturbations comportementales et psychologiques, surviennent fréquemment dans la démence de la maladie d’Alzheimer. En plus d’être un facteur de risque d’institutionnalisation précoce et de constituer une charge pour les aidants, ils peuvent aussi être associés à un déclin cognitif accéléré ou à des troubles cognitifs plus importants lorsqu’ils surviennent dans les stades pré-démentiels des maladies (avant ou pendant le trouble cognitif léger). Considérant la diversité des résultats d’études antérieures, la relation entre ces SNP, le déclin cognitif et la survenue/évolution des maladies neurodégénératives est encore pleine de mystères. En effet, il a pu être mis en évidence que la dépression, l’apathie, ou encore l’anxiété étaient des facteurs de risques de conversion en maladie d’Alzheimer, ou de déclin cognitif accéléré chez des individus ayant un trouble cognitif léger ou une cognition normale. Ils ont aussi pu être associés à des changements des structures ou du métabolisme cérébraux, limbiques et associatifs. Cependant, le rôle et la position exacte des SNP dans le décours temporel des maladies restent incertains : conséquences de la neurodégénérescence ? Conséquence psychologique de la survenue de troubles cognitifs ? Cause de troubles cognitifs par réorientation des ressources exécutives et comportementales ? Stade prodromal des maladies ? Conséquence d’une structure de personnalité antérieure ? Ce travail propose d’aborder différentes problématiques de recherches liées aux SNP, notamment leurs associations cognitives en fonction de facteurs démographiques, psychologiques ou psychiatriques dans différents stades de déclins cognitifs ; leurs associations neurostructurelles ou métaboliques cérébrales, en devis transversal, rétrospectif ou longitudinal. L’objectif étant de conforter certaines données de la littérature sur l’impact des SNP sur les performances cognitives et leur évolution dans le vieillissement normal et pathologique, et comprendre l’apport de certaines analyses prédictives et de facteurs de risques afin d’en dégager des pistes d’applications cliniques dans une visée d’anticipation du déclin cognitif. Pour cela, différentes bases de données sont traitées afin d’extraire différents types de variables d’intérêt (démographiques, neuropsychiatriques, neuropsychologiques, neuroimagerie, statuts génétiques et diagnostiques, facteurs psychologiques…). Au total, c’est près de 5000 participants qui ont été extraits et analysés au travers des différentes bases de données. Les principaux résultats ont permis de montrer : 1) des associations SNP/performances cognitives différentes entre les femmes et les hommes ; 2) des relations neurostructurelles différentes entre les SNP et les différents stades de déclin cognitif de la maladie d’Alzheimer ; 3) le rôle prédictif des SNP dans la conversion du trouble cognitif léger en maladie d’Alzheimer expliqué par l’altération des habiletés fonctionnelles des individus ; 4) des implications de traits de personnalité dans le déclin cognitif et cérébral chez des individus développant ou non démence de type Alzheimer. Ces données consolident les résultats de la littérature et soutiennent l’utilité de certains modèles statistiques et de prédictions dans l’établissement des facteurs de risques de déclin et l’estimation de l’importance du déclin basé sur ces facteurs, à la fois chez des individus cognitivement sains, et des individus à risque de développer une démence.Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), behavioral and psychological disturbances, occur frequently in Alzheimer's dementia. In addition to being a risk factor for early institutionalization and a burden to caregivers, they may also be associated with accelerated cognitive decline or greater cognitive impairment when they occur in the pre-dementia stages of the diseases (before or during mild cognitive impairment). Considering the diversity of results of previous studies, the relationship between these NPS, cognitive decline and the occurrence/evolution of neurodegenerative diseases is still full of mysteries. Indeed, it has been shown that depression, apathy, or anxiety were risk factors for conversion to Alzheimer's disease, or for accelerated cognitive decline in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or normal cognition. They could also be associated with changes in brain, limbic and associative structures or metabolism. However, the exact role and position of NPS in the temporal course of diseases remains uncertain: consequences of neurodegeneration? Psychological consequence of the onset of cognitive disorders? Cause of cognitive disorders by redirection of executive and behavioral resources? Prodromal stage of diseases ? Consequence of a previous personality structure? This work proposes to address different research issues related to NPS, in particular their cognitive associations according to demographic, psychological or psychiatric factors in different stages of cognitive decline; their neurostructural or cerebral metabolic associations, in crosssectional, retrospective or longitudinal specifications. The objective is to confirm certain data in the literature on the impact of NPS on cognitive performance and its evolution in normal and pathological aging, and to understand the contribution of certain predictive analyses and risk factors in order to identify avenues of clinical application with a view to anticipating cognitive decline. For this purpose, different databases are processed in order to extract different types of variables of interest (demographic, neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, genetic and diagnostic status, psychological factors...). In total, nearly 5000 participants were extracted and analyzed through the different databases. The main results showed: 1) different NPS/cognitive performance associations between women and men; 2) different neurostructural relationships between NPS and different stages of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease; 3) the predictive role of NPS in the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease explained by the alteration of individuals' functional abilities; 4) implications of personality traits in cognitive and brain decline in individuals developing or not dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. These data consolidate the findings of the literature and support the utility of certain statistical and predictive models in establishing risk factors for decline and estimating the magnitude of decline based on these factors, both in cognitively healthy individuals, and individuals at risk of developing dementia

Ecological networks: Pursuing the shortest path, however narrow and crooked

International audienceRepresenting data as networks cuts across all sub-disciplines in ecology and evolutionary biology. Besides providing a compact representation of the interconnections between agents, network analysis allows the identification of especially important nodes, according to various metrics that often rely on the calculation of the shortest paths connecting any two nodes. While the interpretation of a shortest paths is straightforward in binary, unweighted networks, whenever weights are reported, the calculation could yield unexpected results. We analyzed 129 studies of ecological networks published in the last decade that use shortest paths, and discovered a methodological inaccuracy related to the edge weights used to calculate shortest paths (and related centrality measures), particularly in interaction networks. Specifically, 49% of the studies do not report sufficient information on the calculation to allow their replication, and 61% of the studies on weighted networks may contain errors in how shortest paths are calculated. Using toy models and empirical ecological data, we show how to transform the data prior to calculation and illustrate the pitfalls that need to be avoided. We conclude by proposing a five-point checklist to foster best-practices in the calculation and reporting of centrality measures in ecology and evolution studies. The last two decades have witnessed an exponential increase in the use of graph analysis in ecological and conservation studies (see refs. 1,2 for recent introductions to network theory in ecology and evolution). Networks (graphs) represent agents as nodes linked by edges representing pairwise relationships. For instance, a food web can be represented as a network of species (nodes) and their feeding relationships (edges) 3. Similarly, the spatial dynamics of a metapopulation can be analyzed by connecting the patches of suitable habitat (nodes) with edges measuring dispersal between patches 4. Data might either simply report the presence/absence of an edge (binary, unweighted networks), or provide a strength for each edge (weighted networks). In turn, these weights can represent a variety of ecologically-relevant quantities, depending on the system being described. For instance, edge weights can quantify interaction frequency (e.g., visitation networks 5), interaction strength (e.g., per-capita effect of one species on the growth rate of another 3), carbon-flow between trophic levels 6 , genetic similarity 7 , niche overlap (e.g., number of shared resources between two species 8), affinity 9 , dispersal probabilities (e.g., the rate at which individuals of a population move between patches 10), cost of dispersal between patches (e.g., resistance 11), etc. Despite such large variety of ecological network representations, a common task is the identification of nodes of high importance, such as keystone species in a food web, patches acting as stepping stones in a dispersal network , or genes with pleiotropic effects. The identification of important nodes is typically accomplished through centrality measures 5,12. Many centrality measures has been proposed, each probing complementary aspects of node-to-node relationships 13. For instance, Closeness centrality 14,15 highlights nodes that are "near" to all othe

Présentation

Ronat Mitsou. Présentation. In: Langue française, n°44, 1979. Grammaire de phrase et grammaire de discours, sous la direction de Mitsou Ronat. pp. 3-8

Le « Coup de dés »: forme fixe ?

RONAT Mitsou. Le « Coup de dés »: forme fixe ?. In: Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises, 1980, n°32. pp. 141-147

Présentation

Ronat Mitsou. Présentation. In: Langue française, n°44, 1979. Grammaire de phrase et grammaire de discours, sous la direction de Mitsou Ronat. pp. 3-8

Ellipses grammaticales et anaphores

(a) that it is indeed reasonable to compare grammatical ellipses to the general process of anaphora; (b) that it is also reasonable not to see aIl cases of ellipsis as a unified phenomenon; (c) but that there are a number of counter-examples to the mixed hypotheses (of the Hankamer and Sag type). On the other and, the criteria put forward by J.-e. Milner (Ordres et raisons de langue, Seuil, 1982) for the noun/ pronoun relations seem to open up the possibility of a new mixed hypothesis which has a further advantage: it generalizes to intonational anaphora, which 1 have called prosodic binding in previous work.Ronat Mitsou. Ellipses grammaticales et anaphores. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 5, fascicule 1, 1983. L'Ellipse grammaticale : Études épistémologiques et historiques, sous la direction de Catherine Fuchs. pp. 121-128

Pronoms topiques et pronoms distinctifs

Ronat Mitsou. Pronoms topiques et pronoms distinctifs. In: Langue française, n°44, 1979. Grammaire de phrase et grammaire de discours, sous la direction de Mitsou Ronat. pp. 106-128

Échelles de base et mutations en syntaxe

For each grammatical category, the language has a scale comprising a number of distinct classes. The use of the notions of scale and steps is justified by the fact that lexical items are determined by precise syntactic properties different from the classes, and by the fact that these properties increase in number with the "hierarchical degree" of the item.Pour chaque catégorie grammaticale, la langue possède une échelle comprenant un certain nombre de classes distinctes. L'emploi des notions d'échelle et d'échelons est justifié par le fait que les items lexicaux sont déterminés par des propriétés syntaxiques précises différentes des classes, et par le fait que ces propriétés sont en nombre croissant avec le "degré hiérarchique" de l'élément