Economies of Scale and Spatial Scope in the European Airline Industry

In this article we use four different indices to measure cost performance of the European Airline Industry. By using the number of routes as an indicator of Network Size, we are able to estimate indicators of Economies of Scale and Spatial Scope. By estimating total and variable cost functions we are also able to calculate an index of the excess capacity of the firms. For this purpose, we use data from the years 1984 to 1998, a period during which several deregulation measures were imposed on the European airline industry. Some of the implications of this deregulation process for the cost performance of the industry are presented and discussed. Our results suggest that in the year 1998, almost all the firms had Economics of Density in their existing networks, while several of the firms also had Economies of Scale and Economies of Spatial Scope. All of the firms had excess capacity of fixed inputs. These results support our hypothesis that fusion, alliance, and merger strategies followed by the principal European airlines after 1998 are not just explained by marketing strategies, but also by the cost structure of the industry.

Diversificación, crecimiento y desigualdad en la educación superior: la dimensión relativa de la universidad pública en México

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar evidencia de la dimensión relativa de la universidad pública en el conjunto de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en México. De esta manera se intenta demostrar que en las últimas décadas, en un contexto de libre comercio y globalización, la universidad pública ha perdido presencia dentro del sistema de educación superior, lo que se ha traducido en un proceso de desaceleración en su crecimiento, en número de instituciones como de matrícula, lo cual se hace evidente al comparar el crecimiento de las universidades privadas y el conjunto de instituciones tecnológicas públicas. Por lo que se concluye que desde la década de los noventa hasta nuestros días, es posible apreciar una importante tendencia a la diversificación de la educación superior en el país, proceso que privilegia el desarrollo de la educación privada y la educación tecnológica pública, al tiempo que desalenta el desarrollo del modelo de universidad pública

Economies of Scale and Spatial Scope in the European Airline Industry

In this article we use four different indices to measure cost performance of the European Airline Industry. By using the number of routes as an indicator of Network Size, we are able to estimate indicators of Economies of Scale and Spatial Scope. By estimating total and variable cost functions we are also able to calculate an index of the excess capacity of the firms. For this purpose, we use data from the years 1984 to 1998, a period during which several deregulation measures were imposed on the European airline industry. Some of the implications of this deregulation process for the cost performance of the industry are presented and discussed. Our results suggest that in the year 1998, almost all the firms had Economics of Density in their existing networks, while several of the firms also had Economies of Scale and Economies of Spatial Scope. All of the firms had excess capacity of fixed inputs. These results support our hypothesis that fusion, alliance, and merger strategies followed by the principal European airlines after 1998 are not just explained by marketing strategies, but also by the cost structure of the industry

New trends in South-South migration: The economic impact of COVID-19 and immigration enforcement

This paper evaluates the impact of the pandemic and enforcement at the US and Mexican borders on the emigration of Guatemalans during 2017-2020. During this period, the number of crossings from Guatemala fell by 10%, according to the Survey of Migration to the Southern Border of Mexico. Yet, there was a rise of nearly 30% in the number of emigration crossings of male adults travelling with their children. This new trend was partly driven by the recent reduction in the number of children deported from the US. For a one-point reduction in the number of children deported from the US to Guatemalan municipalities, there was an increase of nearly 14 in the number of crossings made by adult males leaving from Guatemala for Mexico; and nearly 0.5 additional crossings made by male adults travelling with their children. However, the surge of emigrants travelling with their children was also driven by the acute economic shock that Guatemala experienced during the pandemic. During this period, air pollution in the analysed Guatemalan municipalities fell by 4%, night light per capita fell by 15%, and homicide rates fell by 40%. Unlike in previous years, emigrants are fleeing poverty rather than violence. Our findings suggest that a reduction in violence alone will not be sufficient to reduce emigration flows from Central America, but that economic recovery is needed

Anthropometric measures as predictive indicators of metabolic risk in a population of “holy week costaleros”

Preventive measures are a priority in those groups that perform intense physical efforts without physical preparation and that can also be overweight or obese. One of the groups that reflect these characteristics is the costaleros of the Holy Week of Andalusia, Spain. This paper aims to describe the effect of obesity on blood pressure. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 costaleros. The anthropometric measures were determined through segmental impedance. Cardiac recovery and anaerobic power were measured through the Ruffier–Dickson test and the Abalakov test, respectively. Blood pressure was measured when the individuals were at rest. The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied for of continuous parameters and the X2 test for dichotomous measures. Binary logistic regression models were used for the subsequent analysis with R-square and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The average population was 28 years of age, 173.7 cm tall, and 82.59 Kg weigh. The excess of body fat was 11.27 Kg and Body Mass Index was 27.33 Kg/m2. 72.3% showed abnormal blood pressure and 68.2% were overweight. 32.7% had a waist-hip ratio higher than 0.94. The probability of presenting abnormal blood pressure was higher among the subjects whose fat content was higher and muscle content was lower

A theoretical quantum study of the electronic properties of mentoxy dichloro phosphorous (C10H19OPCl2)

Indexación: Scopus.A theoretical quantum study of the organophosphorus compound with formula C10H19OPCl2 (MEPCL2) was carried out. The results of the calculations show excellent agreement between experimental and computed frequencies evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. A study of the electronic properties, such as excitation energies and wavelengths were performed employing the time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) method. Global a chemical reactivity of MEPCL2 was analyzed through global reactivity descriptors, while its local reactivity was analyzed by mean maps of the electrostatic potential. Also, the orbital energies values suggest that a charge transfer is occurring within the molecule. © 2018 American Physical Society.https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-97072018000103887&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=e

Comodificación y segregación socio-ambiental en Peñalolén: Comprendiendo su estructuración territorial

Analyzes and evaluates the expression of socio-environmental segregation in the town of Peñalolén, considering the district as a geographic scale that accounts for processes of exclusion in a context where the market has largely determined the present structure. In this regard, the distribution of socioeconomic groups shows that they are distributed in specific areas within Peñalolén and, on the other hand, indices of concentration and isolation alert regarding the configuration of zones that are concentrated and isolated for the same group , forming homogeneous sectors, unique and exclusive. Similarly, the distribution of vegetation cover shows a concentration of the highest rates in areas with concentrations of higher income groups. Thissituation reflects a process of commodification of the main factor of urban environment: vegetation. This process shows a deep connection with the recent urbanization of the community, driven by the installation of real estate projects that offer attractive conditions and used as environmental quality, consumer-oriented high-income, consolidating processes socio-spatial exclusion.Se analiza y evalúa la manifestación de la segregación socio-ambiental en la comuna de Peñalolén, considerando que corresponde a una escala geográfica que da cuenta de procesos de exclusión en un contexto donde el mercado ha determinado en gran medida su actual estructura. Al respecto, los grupos socioeconómicos se distribuyen en áreas específicas al interior de Peñalolén y, sus índices de concentración y aislamiento alertan respecto a la configuración de zonas homogéneas, exclusivas y excluyentes. De igual manera, la distribución de la cobertura vegetal muestra una concentración de los mayores porcentajes en los sectores donde se concentran los grupos de mayores ingresos, demostrando un proceso de comodificación de uno de los principales componentes del medioambiente urbano. La distribución espacial de los grupos sociales y la vegetación muestran una profunda relación con la urbanización reciente de la comuna, impulsada por la instalación de proyectos inmobiliarios que ofrecen y utilizan como atractivo condiciones ambientales de alta calidad, orientados a consumidores de altos ingresos, consolidando procesos de exclusión socio-espacial.  

Neoliberalism and shrimp industry in Ecuador

Análisis de los efectos del desarrollo de la industria camaronera en el ecosistema manglar, los conflictos socio-ambientales que generó y su vinculación con el neoliberalismo y la crisis financiera de 1999 en Ecuador. Luego de examinar la importancia del ecosistema manglar, las etapas de la expansión camaronera, sus promotores, la deforestación del manglar y los efectos socio-ambientales que provocó, analizaré la crisis camaronera, su paralelismo con la crisis financiera de 1999 y su posterior recuperación. Mostraré que la industria camaronera se expandió en zonas de manglar con el objetivo de abaratar costos, incluso violando la ley y generando deterioro ambiental, desprotección de las costas y pérdida de recursos naturales, en base a la sobreexplotación y privatización de un bien público. Lo cual generó desempleo, migración y empobrecimiento para las poblaciones locales y costos que el Estado tendrá que asumir. Por lo tanto, constituye un proceso de “acumulación por desposesión” propio del neoliberalismo. Analysis of the effects of the shrimp industry development in the mangrove ecosystem, the socio-environmental conflicts generated and its relationship with neoliberalism and the financial crisis of 1999 in Ecuador. After a review of the importance of the mangrove ecosystem, the stages of the shrimp expansion, its promoters, the mangrove deforestation and the socio-environmental effects caused, I will analyze the shrimp crisis, its parallels with the financial crisis of 1999 and its subsequent recovery. I will show that the shrimp industry expanded in mangrove areas in order to reduce costs, even breaking the law and creating environmental degradation, vulnerability of the costs and loss of natural resources, based on the exploitation and privatization of a public good. This created unemployment, migration and impoverishment to local populations and costs that the State will have to assume. Therefore, it is a process of “accumulation by dispossession” characteristic of neoliberalism

Optoelectronic properties of triphenylamine based dyes for solar cell applications. A DFT study

Indexación: Scopus.GSM thanks to the Department of Chemistry at the Universidad Andres Bello, Concepcion, Chile. LHMH gratefully acknowledges financial support from CONACYT (Projects CB2015-257823) and to the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on triphenylamine (TPA) as a donor group linked with the acceptor cyanoacrylic acid electron acceptor by 2,2'-bithiophene as π-bridged (D-π-A) has been investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, to establish the conformational orientation of cyanoacrylic acid group as well as evaluate the effect of planarizing the 2,2'-bithiophene unit in position 3 and 3' by electron withdrawing or donor groups on the electronic structure properties of ground and doping(n,p) states. Also, the Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) at the CPCM-TD-CAM-B3LYP//CAM-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory were selected to modulate the electronic absorption spectra and charge-transfer capabilities of the molecules analyzed in the present work. The results indicate that adding an auxiliary donor or withdrawing group to the 2,2'-bithiophene in the (D-π-A) arrangement allow to modify the LUMO's energy of the dyes, while the HOMO's energy is slightly affected. © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica. All rights reserved.http://quimicanova.sbq.org.br/imagebank/pdf/AR20170232.pd

Uso del compost comercial "bioestabilizado de cerdo" como alternativa de fertilización en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L:) para ensilaje

41 p.El uso de fuentes orgánicas en fertilización de maíz (Zea mays L.), puede ser una alternativa conveniente tanto económica, como de producción, ante el uso de fertilizantes convencionales. Durante la temporada 2009-2010, se realizo un ensayo para estudiar el efecto del uso de compost Bioestabilizado de cerdo en maíz (Zea mays L.) para ensilaje, en comparación al uso de fertilizantes convencionales, sobre los parámetros productivos del cultivo, características químicas del suelo y evaluación económica de los diversos tipos de fertilización empleados. El ensayo se llevo a cabo en el Fundo Los Quillayes comuna de Sagrada Familia, provincia de Curicó, VII Región del Maule. La siembra fue realizada el 11 de diciembre de 2009 y la cosecha el 15 de abril de 2010, utilizando un hibrido de maíz Pioneer 35Y65 de actitud precoz. El diseño del experimento correspondió a bloques completamente al azar, con 4 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones cada tratamiento: control sin fertilización (T1), fertilización convencional (T2), fertilización combinada (T3) y fertilización exclusiva con Bioestabilizado de cerdo (T4). Para T2 y T3, independiente de la fuente de fertilización, las dosis fueron 400 kg ha-1 de N, 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 y 150 kg ha-1 de K2O; para T4 se utilizaron 10 ton ha-1 de Bioestabilizado. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: producción de Materia seca (MS), concentración de macronutrientes y proteínas en planta completa; características químicas del suelo y evaluación económica de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza por medio del programa computacional SAS System. La mejor producción de MS fue obtenida en T2 y T3, con 22,9 ton ha-1 y 23 ton ha-1 respectivamente, siendo similar estadísticamente a T4 con 20,83 ton ha-1 y diferente a T1 con 19,58 ton ha-1. En general la concentración de nutrientes en planta entera fue mayor en T2, sin embargo, para el P fue mayor en T4. El contenido de proteínas fue mayor en T2 y T3 (2.221 kg ha-1 y 2.061 kg ha-1 respectivamente), similar estadísticamente a lo obtenido en T4 (1.810 kg ha-1). Las características químicas del suelo fueron afectadas por los tratamientos, obteniendo una mayor fertilidad residual en el suelo en T4 (Bioestabilizado) para la estrata de 0 a 20 cm. En términos económicos, el tratamiento que obtuvo una mayor relación beneficio/costo fue T3 (fertilización combinada) siendo de 1,44. El uso de Bioestabilizado de cerdo con suplemento de N y K en fertilización de maíz es una alternativa para los productores tanto económica, como de producción y fertilidad residual del suelo, respecto del uso de fertilizantes convencionales, en iguales dosis de N, P y K. Palabras clave: fertilización, bioestabilizado de cerdo, maíz /ABSTRACT The use of organic sources in fertilization of maize (Zea mays L.) can be a convenient alternative the use of conventional fertilizers both economical and in production, to. During the 2009-2010 season, a trial was conducted to study the effect of Bio compost stabilized pig in maize (Zea mays L.) for silage, compared to conventional fertilizers on crop production parameters, soil chemical and economic evaluation of the various types of fertilizer used. The experiment was done in the Fundo Los Quillayes, Sagrada Familia County, Curico province, VII region of Maule. The sowing was performed on December 11, 2009 and harvest on April 15, 2010 using a hybrid corn early in attitude Pioneer 35Y65. The design of the experiment corresponded to a randomized block with 4 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment: unfertilized control (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), combined fertilization (T3) and only fertilization with Bio stabilized of pig (T4). For T2 and T3, regardless of fertilizer source, the doses were 400 kg ha-1 of N, 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O, for T4 was used 10 ton ha-1 Bio stabilized. The parameters evaluated were: dry matter production (MS), concentration of macronutrients and proteins in the whole plant, chemical soil characteristics and economic evaluation of treatments. The results were subjected to ANOVA using the SAS System computer program. The best MS production was obtained in T2 and T3 with 22.9 ton ha-1 and 23 ton ha-1 respectively, being statistically similar to T4 with 20.83 t ha-1 and statistically different to T1 with 19.58 ton ha-1. In general the concentration of nutrients in whole plant was higher in T2, however, for P was higher in T4. The protein content were higher in T2 and T3 (2,221 kg ha-1 and 2,061 kg ha-1 respectively), statistically similar to that obtained in T4 (1,810 kg ha-1). The chemical characteristics of the soil were affected by the treatments, resulting in greater residual soil fertility in T4 (Bio stabilized of pig) for the strata from 0 to 20 cm. In economic terms, the treatment that had a higher benefit/cost ratio was T3 (combined fertilization) with 1.44. The use of Compost Bio stabilized of pig supplemented with N and K in fertilization of maize is an alternative for farmers in terms of yield, residual soil fertility and profitability, compared with conventional fertilizer, in equal doses of N, P and K. Key words: fertilization, bio stabilized of pig, corn