Systematic Study of the Content of Phytochemicals in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Vegetables

Vegetables and fruits have beneficial properties for human health, because of the presence of phytochemicals, but their concentration can fluctuate throughout the year. A systematic study of the phytochemical content in tomato, eggplant, carrot, broccoli and grape (fresh and fresh-cut) has been performed at different seasons, using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. It was observed that phenolic acids (the predominant group in carrot, eggplant and tomato) were found at higher concentrations in fresh carrot than in fresh-cut carrot. However, in the case of eggplant, they were detected at a higher content in fresh-cut than in fresh samples. Regarding tomato, the differences in the content of phenolic acids between fresh and fresh-cut were lower than in other matrices, except in winter sampling, where this family was detected at the highest concentration in fresh tomato. In grape, the flavonols content (predominant group) was higher in fresh grape than in fresh-cut during all samplings. The content of glucosinolates was lower in fresh-cut broccoli than in fresh samples in winter and spring sampling, although this trend changes in summer and autumn. In summary, phytochemical concentration did show significant differences during one-year monitoring, and the families of phytochemicals presented different behaviors depending on the matrix studied

From British vassals to subjects of the Spanish crown: He blurred boundaries of empires in the Western Caribbean in the late 18th Century and early 19th Century

El presente trabajo analiza la transición imperial dada en el Caribe occidental a finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, cuando, tras acuerdo de paz entre Gran Bretaña y España, la primera cedió las islas de San Andrés y Providencia y las costas de miskitos a la Corona española; territorio que por más de un siglo se mantuvo bajo la influencia comercial inglesa y se convirtió en desafío para el ejercicio de la autoridad borbónica. El hecho revela que los británicos cedieron costas e islas, que aunque importante para su sistema comercial, resultaban de difícil control debido a la capacidad de los pueblos miskitos, (zambos, mestizos y negros) para negociar incluso por la fuerza sus intereses. En este sentido mostramos como la construcción de un dominio colonial y el establecimiento de una sociedad hispánica en el archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia y la costa de miskitos tuvo limitaciones y costos para la Corona española que impidieron su éxito.This article analyzes the imperial transition that occurred in the western Caribbean in the late 18th century and early 19th century after Great Britain ceded San Andrés, Providence and the Miskito Coast to the Spanish crown in the peace treaty of 1783. This territory, under British influence for over a century, became a challenge to Hispanic authority. It is shown here that the territory the British ceded, while important for their business operations, was difficult to control because the Miskito peoples (zambos, mestizos and blacks) were quite capable of negotiating and protecting their interests, including by force. In this sense, we show how the construction of a colonial domain and the establishment of Spanish society in the archipelago of San Andrés and Providence and on the Miskito Coast involved limitations and costs for the crown that impeded its success

Pre-Election Poll Estimations in Mexico: In Search for the Main Sources of Error

In this paper we test different hypotheses that reflect some of the most common sources of estimation error in pre-election polls. We test for questionnaire design effects, sampling effects, interviewer effects, spiral of silence effects, and several contextual effects (such as the perception of safety or danger in a polling point in face-to-face polls). We analyze data from a state-level pre-election poll conducted in the State of Mexico on June 2011, two weeks prior to election-day. This poll included an embedded experiment about the placement of the voting question and recorded several contextual variables that allow us to test for different possible sources of estimation error. In addition, this paper offers a brief review of preelection polling in Mexico during the last two decades, evaluating the polls’ performance in both national and state-level elections. This analysis is part (and certainly the first formal step) of a larger effort by polling firms and public opinion researchers, as well as by the Federal Elections Institute, to determine the most common causes of estimation error in Mexican pre-election polls.In this paper we test different hypotheses that reflect some of the most common sources of estimation error in pre-election polls. We test for questionnaire design effects, sampling effects, interviewer effects, spiral of silence effects, and several contextual effects (such as the perception of safety or danger in a polling point in face-to-face polls). We analyze data from a state-level pre-election poll conducted in the State of Mexico on June 2011, two weeks prior to election-day. This poll included an embedded experiment about the placement of the voting question and recorded several contextual variables that allow us to test for different possible sources of estimation error. In addition, this paper offers a brief review of preelection polling in Mexico during the last two decades, evaluating the polls’ performance in both national and state-level elections. This analysis is part (and certainly the first formal step) of a larger effort by polling firms and public opinion researchers, as well as by the Federal Elections Institute, to determine the most common causes of estimation error in Mexican pre-election polls

Word graphs size impact on the performance of handwriting document applications

[EN] Two document processing applications are con- sidered: computer-assisted transcription of text images (CATTI) and Keyword Spotting (KWS), for transcribing and indexing handwritten documents, respectively. Instead of working directly on the handwriting images, both of them employ meta-data structures called word graphs (WG), which are obtained using segmentation-free hand- written text recognition technology based on N-gram lan- guage models and hidden Markov models. A WG contains most of the relevant information of the original text (line) image required by CATTI and KWS but, if it is too large, the computational cost of generating and using it can become unafordable. Conversely, if it is too small, relevant information may be lost, leading to a reduction of CATTI or KWS performance. We study the trade-off between WG size and performance in terms of effectiveness and effi- ciency of CATTI and KWS. Results show that small, computationally cheap WGs can be used without loosing the excellent CATTI and KWS performance achieved with huge WGs.Work partially supported by the Generalitat Valenciana under the Prometeo/2009/014 Project Grant ALMAMATER, by the Spanish MECD as part of the Valorization and I+D+I Resources program of VLC/CAMPUS in the International Excellence Campus program, and through the EU projects: HIMANIS (JPICH programme, Spanish Grant Ref. PCIN-2015-068) and READ (Horizon-2020 programme, Grant Ref. 674943).Toselli ., AH.; Romero Gómez, V.; Vidal, E. (2017). Word graphs size impact on the performance of handwriting document applications. Neural Computing and Applications. 28(9):2477-2487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-016-2336-2S24772487289Amengual JC, Vidal E (1998) Efficient error-correcting Viterbi parsing. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(10):1109–1116Bazzi I, Schwartz R, Makhoul J (1999) An omnifont open-vocabulary OCR system for English and Arabic. 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In: 16th international conference on computer analysis of images and patterns, CAIP 2015, chap, pp 246–260. Springer International PublishingHakkani-Tr D, Bchet F, Riccardi G, Tur G (2006) Beyond ASR 1-best: using word confusion networks in spoken language understanding. Comput Speech Lang 20(4):495–514Jelinek F (1998) Statistical methods for speech recognition. MIT Press, CambridgeJurafsky D, Martin JH (2009) Speech and language processing: an introduction to natural language processing, speech recognition, and computational linguistics, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliffsKneser R, Ney H (1995) Improved backing-off for N-gram language modeling. In: International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP ’95), vol 1, pp 181–184. IEEE Computer SocietyLiu P, Soong FK (2006) Word graph based speech recognition error correction by handwriting input. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on multimodal interfaces, ICMI ’06, pp 339–346. ACMLowerre BT (1976) The harpy speech recognition system. Ph.D. thesis, Pittsburgh, PALuján-Mares M, Tamarit V, Alabau V, Martínez-Hinarejos CD, Pastor M, Sanchis A, Toselli A (2008) iATROS: a speech and handwritting recognition system. In: V Jornadas en Tecnologías del Habla (VJTH’2008), pp 75–78Mangu L, Brill E, Stolcke A (2000) Finding consensus in speech recognition: word error minimization and other applications of confusion networks. Comput Speech Lang 14(4):373–400Manning CD, Raghavan P, Schutze H (2008) Introduction to information retrieval. Cambridge University Press, New YorkMohri M, Pereira F, Riley M (2002) Weighted finite-state transducers in speech recognition. Comput Speech Lang 16(1):69–88Odell JJ, Valtchev V, Woodland PC, Young SJ (1994) A one pass decoder design for large vocabulary recognition. In: Proceedings of the workshop on human language technology, HLT ’94, pp 405–410. 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Análisis estático de una silla de ruedas con superación de obstáculos

Se analizan los esfuerzos estáticos del proyecto de una silla de ruedas de tracción mecánica con superación de obstáculos.Se analizan los esfuerzos estáticos del proyecto de una silla de ruedas de tracción mecánica con superación de obstáculos. Dicho proyecto se ha diseñado con el software CAD paramétrico 3D SolidWorks Simulation® y Motion®, demostrando que los principales componentes que podían estar sometidos a unos esfuerzos mayores, resisten de tal modo que su diseño se considera válido para su buen funcionamiento.Preprin

La dimensión comunitaria como factor de prevención del abandono escolar

El objetivo del estudio se ha orientado hacia la identificación de los factores de riesgo que generan el abandono escolar de los jóvenes desde una perspectiva comunitaria. Hemos profundizado en el epicentro escolar y su tejido en la comunidad, como instrumento para abordar y superar dichos factores. La finalidad del estudio ha sido descubrir las condiciones que favorecen la retención de éstos jóvenes en los centros escolares. Desde un metodología etnográfica se han analizado un total de 38 entrevistas a jóvenes en la etapa educativa de educación secundaria obligatoria (17 entrevistas sobre la trayectoria académica para el acceso a los estudios, 14 entrevistas sobre permanencia en referencia a las dificultades de estudio, y 7 entrevistas sobre el egreso y las expectativas futuras) y el análisis de documentos pertinentes para evaluar la problemática del abandono escolar temprano desde una dimensión comunitaria. Los resultados sugieren, que la existencia de bajas expectativas educativas, la falta de medidas de apoyo y la orientación escolar, sean abordadas conjuntamente entre centros educativos y organizaciones educativas de la comunidad, como estrategia para reducir el abandono. La reciprocidad de los jóvenes de bajas expectativas con una organización educativa de base comunitaria, supone un apoyo imprescindible para contribuir hacia el egreso y la formación.The aim of this survey has been directed towards identifying risk factors that generate youth dropouts from a community perspective. We have analysed in depth the fabric and role of the school in the community as an instrument to address and overcome these factors. The purpose of this research was to discover the conditions that favour the retention of young people at school. From an ethnographic methodology we have analysed a total of 38 interviews with young people at the stage of compulsory secondary education (17 interviews on the academic path to educational access, 14 interviews on continuity with reference to educational difficulties, and 7 interviews on graduation and future expectations) and reviewed relevant documents to assess the problem of early school leavers from a community dimension. In this regard we have identified the risk factors that place these young people outside the compulsory education system and prevent them from staying in the system. The results suggest that the existence of low educational expectations, the lack of mechanisms of support and scholastic guidance need to be tackled jointly by educational centres and community educational organisations as a strategy in order to reduce dropouts. The feedback of young people with low expectations with a community-based educational organization is an essential support to contribute to egress and training

HMM word graph based keyword spotting in handwritten document images

[EN] Line-level keyword spotting (KWS) is presented on the basis of frame-level word posterior probabilities. These posteriors are obtained using word graphs derived from the recogni- tion process of a full-fledged handwritten text recognizer based on hidden Markov models and N-gram language models. This approach has several advantages. First, since it uses a holistic, segmentation-free technology, it does not require any kind of word or charac- ter segmentation. Second, the use of language models allows the context of each spotted word to be taken into account, thereby considerably increasing KWS accuracy. And third, the proposed KWS scores are based on true posterior probabilities, taking into account all (or most) possible word segmentations of the input image. These scores are properly bounded and normalized. This mathematically clean formulation lends itself to smooth, threshold-based keyword queries which, in turn, permit comfortable trade-offs between search precision and recall. Experiments are carried out on several historic collections of handwritten text images, as well as a well-known data set of modern English handwrit- ten text. According to the empirical results, the proposed approach achieves KWS results comparable to those obtained with the recently-introduced "BLSTM neural networks KWS" approach and clearly outperform the popular, state-of-the-art "Filler HMM" KWS method. Overall, the results clearly support all the above-claimed advantages of the proposed ap- proach.This work has been partially supported by the Generalitat Valenciana under the Prometeo/2009/014 project grant ALMA-MATER, and through the EU projects: HIMANIS (JPICH programme, Spanish grant Ref. PCIN-2015-068) and READ (Horizon 2020 programme, grant Ref. 674943).Toselli, AH.; Vidal, E.; Romero, V.; Frinken, V. (2016). HMM word graph based keyword spotting in handwritten document images. Information Sciences. 370:497-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2016.07.063S49751837

The overlooked dimensions of domestic parrot poaching in the Neotropics

Programa de Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y SociedadLínea de Investigación: Biodiversidad y Biología de la ConservaciónClave Programa: DAMCódigo Línea: 83Los Psitácidos se encuentran entre los órdenes de aves más amenazadas del planeta, con un 28% de las especies clasificadas en la actualidad como amenazadas siguiendo los criterios de la IUCN. Las mayores amenazas para este grupo están constituidas por la agricultura, deforestación y la captura ilegal para su venta en los mercados de fauna, variando la importancia de la misma en función de las regiones. En el Neotrópico una reciente evaluación sobre 196 poblaciones de loros determinó que la captura ilegal a nivel doméstico constituía una de las amenazas más importantes. Hasta fecha reciente la importancia del tráfico ilegal a nivel doméstico ha sido relegada a un segundo plano, centrándose casi todos los estudios en el tráfico a nivel internacional. Sin embargo, cada vez más estudios destacan la magnitud de esta actividad, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia que podría tener para la conservación de este grupo. Esta tesis intenta ahondar en algunos de los aspectos más desconocidos de este fenómeno, para arrojar luz sobre la magnitud y el funcionamiento de esta actividad a nivel Neotropical. Partiendo desde una perspectiva más global sobre la importancia de esta amenaza a nivel mundial para este grupo de aves, esta tesis va ahondando en algunas de las cuestiones más desconocidas sobre el tráfico ilegal a nivel doméstico.Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla. Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturale