Associations between Well-Being State and Match External and Internal Load in Amateur Referees

The main aim of this paper was to examine the association between prematch well-being status with match internal and external load in field (FR) and assistant (AR) soccer referees. Twenty-three FR and 46 AR participated in this study. The well-being state was assessed using the Hooper Scale and the match external and internal loads were monitored with Stryd Power Meter and heart monitors. While no significant differences were found in Hooper indices between match officials, FR registered higher external loads (p < 0.01; ES: 0.75 to 5.78), spent more time in zone 4 and zone 5, and recorded a greater training impulse (TRIMP) value (p < 0.01; ES: 1.35 to 1.62) than AR. Generally, no associations were found between the well-being variables and external loads for FR and AR. Additionally, no associations were found between the Hooper indices and internal loads for FR and AR. However, several relationships with different magnitudes were found between internal and external match loads, for FR, between power and speed with time spent in zone 2 (p < 0.05; r = −0.43), ground contact time with zone 2 and zone 3 (p < 0.05; r = 0.50 to 0.60) and power, speed, cadence and ground contact time correlated with time spent in zone 5 and TRIMP (p < 0.05 to 0.01; r = 0.42 to 0.64). Additionally, for AR, a relationship between speed and time in zone 1 was found (p < 0.05; r = −0.30; CL = 0.22). These results suggest that initial well-being state is not related to match officials’ performances during match play. In addition, the Stryd Power Meter can be a useful device to calculate the external load on soccer match officials

Effects of the psychological stress, fatigue, muscle damage and rest perception in pre-match warm-up of amateur handball players

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar los efectos de un protocolo de calentamiento en el rendimiento físico, en el esfuerzo percibido diferenciado (dRPE) y en la percepción de estar preparados para afrontar un partido (PREP), y analizar la influencia del nivel inicial de percepción del estrés, descanso/sueño, fatiga y dolor muscular (escala Hooper) de los jugadores en el rendimiento físico. Doce jugadores sénior de balonmano respondieron a la escala de Hooper, después, realizaron su calentamiento estándar pre partido de 30 min y antes (pretest) y después (postest) del mismo realizaron una batería de test físicos y declararon PREP. Al finalizar declararon el dRPE. No hubo diferencias significativas ni en el rendimiento físico ni en la PREP, pero los jugadores con un mayor estrés o una peor percepción del nivel de sueño obtuvieron un peor resultado en el pretest CODA 505, y los jugadores con un mayor estrés o un mayor daño muscular de miembros superiores obtuvieron una mayor carga percibida respiratoria. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el calentamiento puede ser positivo para paliar los efectos adversos especialmente en los jugadores que perciben mayores niveles de estrés y ausencia de descanso/sueño.The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a warm-up protocol on the physical performance, the differentiated perceived exertion (dRPE) and on the perception of being prepared to play a match (PREP) in handball players. Moreover, the influence of the initial level of perception of stress, rest/sleep, fatigue and muscular pain of the players in the physical performance was also analyzed. Twelve senior handball players performed a pre-match standard warm-up for 30 min. At the beginning of the study players' perception of rest/sleep, stress level, level of fatigue, as well as muscle pain was recorded. Before (pretest) and after (post-test) the warm-up all players complete a physical tests battery and declared how prepared they felt to face a match. The results showed that the performed warm-up did not significantly modify the physical performance of the players and there was no significant change either in the value of the perception of being prepared to face the match. However, the players who reported greater stress or worse perception of sleep level at the beginning of the session obtained a worse result in the CODA 505 pretest. Likewise, the players who declared greater stress or greater muscle damage of upper limbs obtained a higher respiratory load perception. Although the pre-game warm-up protocol used in this study did not improve the physical performance or the perception the players had of being prepared to play the match, the results obtained show that the warm-up can be positive to alleviate the adverse effects especially in players who at the beginning of the session perceive higher levels of stress and absence of rest/sleep.peerReviewe

Effects of the psychological stress, fatigue, muscle damage and rest perception in pre-match warm-up of amateur handball players

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar los efectos de un protocolo de calentamiento en el rendimiento físico, en el esfuerzo percibido diferenciado (dRPE) y en la percepción de estar preparados para afrontar un partido (PREP), y analizar la influencia del nivel inicial de percepción del estrés, descanso/sueño, fatiga y dolor muscular (escala Hooper) de los jugadores en el rendimiento físico. Doce jugadores sénior de balonmano respondieron a la escala de Hooper, después, realizaron su calentamiento estándar pre partido de 30 min y antes (pretest) y después (postest) del mismo realizaron una batería de test físicos y declararon PREP. Al finalizar declararon el dRPE. No hubo diferencias significativas ni en el rendimiento físico ni en la PREP, pero los jugadores con un mayor estrés o una peor percepción del nivel de sueño obtuvieron un peor resultado en el pretest CODA 505, y los jugadores con un mayor estrés o un mayor daño muscular de miembros superiores obtuvieron una mayor carga percibida respiratoria. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el calentamiento puede ser positivo para paliar los efectos adversos especialmente en los jugadores que perciben mayores niveles de estrés y ausencia de descanso/sueño.The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a warm-up protocol on the physical performance, the differentiated perceived exertion (dRPE) and on the perception of being prepared to play a match (PREP) in handball players. Moreover, the influence of the initial level of perception of stress, rest/sleep, fatigue and muscular pain of the players in the physical performance was also analyzed. Twelve senior handball players performed a pre-match standard warm-up for 30 min. At the beginning of the study players' perception of rest/sleep, stress level, level of fatigue, as well as muscle pain was recorded. Before (pretest) and after (post-test) the warm-up all players complete a physical tests battery and declared how prepared they felt to face a match. The results showed that the performed warm-up did not significantly modify the physical performance of the players and there was no significant change either in the value of the perception of being prepared to face the match. However, the players who reported greater stress or worse perception of sleep level at the beginning of the session obtained a worse result in the CODA 505 pretest. Likewise, the players who declared greater stress or greater muscle damage of upper limbs obtained a higher respiratory load perception. Although the pre-game warm-up protocol used in this study did not improve the physical performance or the perception the players had of being prepared to play the match, the results obtained show that the warm-up can be positive to alleviate the adverse effects especially in players who at the beginning of the session perceive higher levels of stress and absence of rest/sleep.peerReviewe

Health and Wellness Status Perception of Half-Marathon Runners: Influence of Age, Sex, Injury, and Training with Qualified Staff

The aim of this study was to analyze the health and wellness status perception in amateur half-marathon runners according to sex, age, being injured or not during the two months prior to the race, and having the support or not of qualified staff for race preparation. Six hundred and twenty-four amateur level half-marathon athletes (515 men and 107 women; 41.5 ± 10.1 years) participated in the study. One week before competing in a half-marathon, participants answered the Hooper Index and the SF-36 questionnaire. Women stated higher stress before competing in the race (p 40 years. Women showed a better quality of life in physical and emotional role dimensions (p 40 years showed a better quality of life in the emotional role dimension (p < 0.05). The group that had suffered an injury (InjuryYes) declared greater muscle soreness (MusclSore; p < 0.01), and the group that had qualified staff (QualifStaffYes) declared a higher level of stress (p < 0.05) and fatigue (p < 0.01). The Injury No (InjuryNo) group showed a better quality of life in the physical function dimension (p < 0.01). The group that did not have qualified staff (QualifStaffNo) showed a better quality of life in the dimensions of body pain, general health, vitality, social function (p < 0.05), and mental health (p < 0.01), while the QualifStaffYes group showed better results in the dimensions of physical function and emotional role (p < 0.05). Sex, age, being injured or not during the two months prior to the race, and having the support or not of qualified staff for the race preparation can influence the health and wellness status perception.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Spanish government subproject Integration ways between qualitative and quantitative data, multiple case development, and synthesis review as the main axis for an innovative future in physical activity and sport research (PGC2018-098742-B-C31) (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Programa Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento y Fortalecimiento Científico y Tecnológico del Sistema I + D + i), that is part of the coordinated project—New Approach to Research in Physical Activity and Sport from a Mixed Methods Perspective (NARPAS_MM) (SPGC201800X098742CV0)

Design and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess the Leisure Time Physical Activity of Adult Women in Gipuzkoa

Inactivity is higher among women than among men, and there are few specific questionnaires used to assess physical activity (PA) in women that are truly meaningful to them. This article tackles the design and validation process of an ad hoc multidimensional questionnaire to assess leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among adult women of Gipuzkoa. The questionnaire was completed by 3595 adult women (43.5 ± 12.1 years), 32% of which were inactive and 68% of which were active. Content validation, ecological validation, and internal consistency analysis results were satisfactory. The Gipuzkoa Women’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (GWPAQ) consists of four dimensions and 21 items. Barriers to PA were found related to intrapersonal, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects. The importance of family and spousal support in increasing PA levels was also observed. It is concluded that the GWPAQ is valid for obtaining evidence that can be used by public institutions to optimise women-specific PA promotion policies.This research was funded by GIPUZKOA PROVINCIAL COUNCIL—DIPUTACIÓN FORAL DE GIPUZKOA in the frame of “Investigación aplicada para la promoción de la actividad física en la población de Guipuzcoa” (2020.0662)

Percepción del alumnado de Educación Secundaria sobre las personas con discapacidad y el personal de apoyo educativo en las clases de Educación Física

The main goal of this study was to understand the perception of the secondary school students concerning the relationship they have with people with disability in physical education classes, as well as the role played by the assistant teacher. 260 students from Secondary and Bachelor Education answered an ad hoc questionnaire. The results showed that almost all the students know someone with a disability (77.6%), but the percentage decreases a lot when asked if they had relation with any person with disability (48.1%). Students think that the assistant teacher is a really important and positive person (8.5 out of 10) and that its presence does not constitute a barrier for them to interact with disable schoolmates (3 out of 10). Finally, most of them think that it would be a great idea and they would be willing to help students with a disability in physical education lessons (7.9 out of 10).El presente estudio tuvo por objeto&nbsp;conocer la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de las personas con discapacidad, de las relaciones que mantienen con ellas en las clases de Educación Física y del papel que desempeña en las mismas el personal de apoyo educativo. Participaron 260 estudiantes de ESO y Bachillerato, a los que se les administró un cuestionario ad hoc. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los estudiantes conocían a alguna persona con discapacidad (77,6%), pero sólo la mitad se relacionaba con ellas (48,1%). Los estudiantes valoraron la presencia y el trabajo del personal de apoyo educativo como importante y positivo (8,5 sobre 10), sin que su presencia supusiese una barrera para relacionarse con las personas con discapacidad (3 sobre 10). Finalmente, la mayor parte de los estudiantes cree que sería interesante y estarían dispuestos a prestar ayuda a las personas con discapacidad en el ámbito de la Educación Física (7,9 sobre 10).&nbsp

Perceived Reasons and Barriers for Practicing Physical Activity by Goalball Players With Visual Disabilities

[Abstract] The objective of this study was to analyze the motives and barriers for practicing physical activity (PA) in visually impaired goalball players. 25 adults (32.7 ± 11.9 years) participated in this study, of which 14 were women (31.3 ± 12.0 years) and 11 were men (34.4 ± 12.2 years). All participants had Federal license in force issued by the Spanish Federation of Sports for the Blind. Participants completed the Motives and Barriers to Physical Activity and Sport (MBAFD) questionnaire. The main reasons for practicing PA were related to the pleasure for the activity and the produced positive feelings. Most of the items related with the reasons for doing PA and sport obtained a high score. The lack of adapted physical activities and the lack of nearby spaces to practice PA were the most prominent barriers for doing PA and sport. It should be noted that the barriers received mostly a low or very low score (< 1.2 ± 1.3). Except in very specific items, no significant differences were obtained according to sex, the origin of the disability or years of experience in the practice of other sports modalities prior to the practice of goalball. This may be due to the fact that the participants in study were visually impaired goalball players, thus conditioning the results obtained.[Resumen] El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar los motivos y las barreras para la práctica de actividad física (AF) en personas con discapacidad visual practicantes de goalball. En este estudio participaron 25 personas adultas (32,7 ± 11,9 años), de las cuales 14 eran mujeres (31,3 ± 12,0 años) y 11 eran hombres (34,4 ± 12,2 años) teniendo todos licencia federativa en vigor expedida por la Federación Española de Deportes para Ciegos. Los participantes completaron el cuestionario Motivos y Barreras para la Actividad Física y el Deporte (MBAFD). Los mayores motivos para practicar AF fueron los relacionados con el gusto por la actividad y por las sensaciones positivas que les transmitía. La mayoría de los ítems sobre los motivos para la actividad física y el deporte (AFD), obtuvieron una puntuación alta. La falta de actividades físicas adaptadas y la falta de espacios próximos donde practicar AF, fueron las barreras más destacadas para la AFD. Cabe resaltar que los participantes no percibían excesivas barreras en los ítems para la práctica de la actividad deportiva (< 1,2 ± 1,3). Salvo en ítems muy puntuales, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en función del sexo, el origen de la discapacidad y los años de experiencia en la práctica de otras modalidades deportivas previas a la práctica del goalball. Todo ello, puede deberse al hecho de que los participantes fueran personas con discapacidad visual asiduos practicantes de goalball, condicionando de este modo los resultados obtenidos

Analysis of the Barriers and Motives for Practicing Physical Activity and Sport for People with a Disability: Differences According to Gender and Type of Disability

The aim of the study was to analyse the perception of the barriers and motives for the practice of physical activity (PA) in people with a disability, according to gender and type of disability. The participants in this investigation were 103 people with a disability (33.25 ± 11.86 years) who were habitual users of PA or sports programmes. They completed the questionnaire Motives and Barriers for Physical Activity and Sport (MBAFD). The results showed that personal barriers were more important than environmental ones and that the most outstanding motives were those related to leisure, enjoyment or social aspects. Regarding gender, women perceived more barriers than men. For the people with physical (PD) and intellectual (ID) disabilities, the most common barriers were of an intrinsic nature, and for those with a visual disability (VD), barriers of an environmental nature. With respect to the motives, people with PD gave higher scores to the items related to aspects of physical improvement and rehabilitation. In contrast, people with ID and VD placed more importance on reasons of leisure, enjoyment and social relations. Knowledge of these findings can be a tool to help increase the provision of PA for people with a disability.This research has been funded through the University-Company-Society 2020 Project convened by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) entitled “¡MUÉVETE, TU TAMBIÉN PUEDES! ANÁLISIS DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE PERSONAS CON DIVERSIDAD FUNCIONAL EN CONTEXTOS DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA (code US20/14)” and requested in collaboration with the Fundación GaituzSport Fundazioa

La deportificación del Tai Chi Chijuan

El objeto del presente estudio es analizar los rasgos pertinentes del taichi chuan para observar el nivel de deportificación alcanzado por la actividad. Para ello se han investigado las dos realidades coexistentes dentro del taichi: por un lado el taichi cotidiano de las sesiones semanales y por otro la competición de taichi. En la disertación se han tenido en consideración los trabajos de campo realizados en las sesiones del grupo Bushï Te Shoreï de Legazpi (Guipúzcoa) durante octubre del 2005-2007 y la Copa del Mundo de taichi chuan celebrada en Vitoria-Gasteiz (Álava) entre el 12 y 14 de Octubre del 2007 así como el análisis de contenidos de entrevistas y de la Normativa del Taichí. Para el análisis, los datos obtenidos mediante la observación participante realizada en ambos contextos se han clasificado teniendo en cuenta factores de lógica interna y externa y atendiendo a los cuatro dominios de la acción motriz que representan la realidad social; la relación con el espacio, las relaciones entre los participantes, la construcción del tiempo y el uso de los objetos. La investigación nos ayuda a ilustrar el nivel de institucionalización e internacionalización de esta práctica motriz meditativa, y presentar el proceso de deportificación al que está expuesto.The object of the present study is to analyze the pertinent features of the taichi chuan to observe the level of deportification reached. For that, it has been investigated both realities coexistent inside the taichi: on the one hand the daily taichi of the weekly meetings and for other one the competition of taichi. In the dissertation there has had in consideration the fieldworks realized in the meetings of the group Bushï You Shoreï of Legazpi (Guipuzcoa) during October of 2005-2007 and the World Cup of taichi chuan celebrated in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Alava) between 12 and 14 of October, 2007. For the analysis, the information obtained by means of the observation participant realized in both contexts has been qualified bearing in mind factors of internal and external logic and attending to four domains of motor action that represent the social reality; the relation with the space, the relations between the participants, the construction of the time and the use of the objects. The investigation helps us to illustrate the level of institutionalization and internationalization of this meditative practice, and to present the process of deportificación to that it is exposed