Factors Affecting QoS in Tanzania Cellular Networks

Quality of service in cellular communication system is a topic that recently has raised much interest for many researchers. This paper presents the findings obtained from the study on factors affecting QoS in Tanzania cellular networks. The study was carried out in Dodoma Municipal, Tanzania. The study employed cross sectional research design. Information was gathered from structured questionnaire of 240 subscribers during the study of quality of service for the four leading cellular networks in Tanzania. Both qualitative and quantitative data from field survey were collected and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Excel software. The study findings show that the major factors that degrade QoS in Tanzania cellular networks are inadequate network infrastructure, lack of fairness from service providers and little efforts taken by the government in enforcing the national agreed standards. Other factors are lack of reliable end to end systems, geographical terrain, low quality handsets, poor government monitoring on standards and lack of subscriber skills and training.Comment: 7 Page

DEUTSCHES WÖRTERBUCH von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm

Es hat über 100 Jahre gedauert bis das "Deutsche Wörterbuch" von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm der Öffentlichkeitübergeben werden konnte. Am Wörterbuch, konzipiert und angefangen von den Brüdern Grimm, haben Generationenvon Philologen gearbeitet, bis es zum grössten und vollständigsten Nachschlagewerk der deutschen Sprachewurde. Es wird heute als das Jahrhundertwerk der deutschen Sprache bezeichnet.Aus den 6 Bänden und einigen Jahren Arbeitszeit, wie die Brüder das Unternehmen berechnet hatten, wurden über 30 Bände in einer Zeltspanne von mehr als 100 Jahren. Das Material zum Wörterbuch stammt zum grössten Teü von den Brüdern, die schon zu ihren Lebzeiten mehr als 30 Helfer hatten. Andere Verpflichtungen von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, politische Unruhen, Kriege und Inflationen haben immer wieder die Fertigstellung des Werkes, 1839 angefangen, verzögert. 1852 konnte endlich die 1. Lieferungzum Wörterbuch erscheinen. Die Brüder selbst konnten nur die Buchstaben A B C D und F bis zum Wort Furcht fertigstellen; dann nahm ihnen der Tod die Feder aus der Hand.Das vollständige Werk, eine gewaltige Leistung von Wissenschaftlern aus dem Westen und Osten Deutschlands, besitzt in 38 Bänden die Bundesuniversitat von Paraná, vielleicht als einzige in Lateinamerika

SINGULARIDADES DE LINGUA ALEMA

Die erste Auflage der Worteigentümlichkeiten der deutschen Sprache ist 1981 erschienen. Das Werk ist vergriffen. Darin wurden 441 Wörter kommentiert und auf 355 andere Wörter als Eigentümlichkeiten in den Kommentaren verwiesen. Der Zweck des Buches war, aus dem grossen deutschen Wortschatz diejenigen Wörter und idiomatischen Redewendungen auszuwählen, die als häufig gebrauchte zum deutschen Kulturleben und zur deutschen Realität gehören und die für den an der deutschen Sprache interessierten Brasilianer ohne Erklärung unverständlich bleiben müssen,z.B.: Stammtisch, Litfass-Säule, Gabelsberger, Stolze-Schrey,Duden, Broclchaus, Knigge, Ploetz, Adam Riese usw. Das Buch, rein semantischen Inhalts, behandelte auch Wörter und Ausdrücke, die indirekte Allusionen zur deutschen Wirklichkeit sind und internationalen Symbolwert haben, z.B.: jemandem den Hof machen. Dazu gehören auch fiktive Figuren oder Anspielungen auf traditionelle Gebräuche wie Rotkäppclicn, Dornröschen und das kannst du dir hinter den Spiegel stecken. Für die erste Auflage zeichnete als verantwortlich Prof. Dr. Reinaldo Bossmann, Bundesuniversität von Paraná.Mitarbeiter waren die Professoren: Oswaldo O. Portella,Dr. Raimundo Vier, Petra B. Romanus, alle von der Bundesuniversität von Paraná, Dr. Georg Rudolf Lind, Universität Graz, und Dr. Erwin Koller, Universität Innsbruck.Das fertige Manuskript zur erweiterten und verbesserten2. Auflage sieht 400 Druckseiten vor. Darin wurden 748Eigentümlichkeiten kommentiert, die über 1000 andere semantische Hinweise in den Kommentaren bieten. Verfasser ist Prof. Dr. Reinaldo Bossmann, der sich die Mitarbeit von folgenden Hochschullehrern sicherte: Prof. Oswaldo O. Portella, Petra B. Romanus und Dr. Erwin Koller, jetzt Universität Würzburg.Das Erscheinen des Werkes, hoffentlich noch 1986, hängt von der finanziellen Situation der Universidade Federal do Paraná ab

Non-enzymatic antioxidants status of leprosy patients in a leprosarium settlement in Nigeria

The plasma levels of vitamin C, vitamin E and uric acid were determined in leprosy subjects from in Ossiomo leprosorium settlement in Edo state, Nigeria. In this study, antioxidant status were determined in a total of 86 subjects that comprised of 31 leprosy patients on multidrug therapy (MBT), 40 leprosy patients relieved from therapy (RFT) in Ossiomo leprosorium settlement and 15 normal individuals who served as control subjects. Of the MDT group, 10 subjects were paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients while 21 were multibacillary (MB) patients. There were significant decreases (P<0.05) in the plasma vitamin C and vitamin E levels relative to the controls. However the uric acid level was higher in the leprosy patients (P<0.05) compared with the control subjects. The uric acid levels determined in the RFT patients (10.74\ub10.99) obtained was significantly higher than those of MDT patients (2.90\ub10.29) and controls (6.69\ub10.32). The observed decrease in the vitamin C and vitamin E levels in the leprosy patients could be as a result of the free radicals produced during metabolism of the chemotherapeutic agents administered to the patients and the chronic pathological effects of Mycobacterium leprae on the population studied

GEOELECTRIC SOUNDING FOR GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL APPRAISAL AROUND THE NORTHEASTERN - SOUTHWESTERN PARTS OF THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ADO – EKITI CAMPUS, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

The electrical resistivity method of geophysical prospecting was used to determine the factors responsible for the non-availability of adequate productive boreholes and the reason for the failure of a particular existing borehole around the Northeastern – Southwestern part of the Federal Polytechnic Ado- Ekiti. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique involving the Schlumberger electrode array was adopted and a total of twenty-five (25) VES stations were occupied. The data collected were interpreted quantitatively by partial curve matching and computer iteration. The interpretation results revealed the presence of four lithologic units which include the lateritic topsoil/laterite, the highly weathered/clayey layer, the partly weathered/fractured basement and the non-fissured/fresh bedrock. Contour maps were prepared from the highly weathered layer, partly weathered/fractured basement and overburden thicknesses for appraisal. These maps were carefully examined and synthesized to characterize the study area into good and poor groundwater prospective segments. The highly weathered layer and partly weathered/fractured basement constitutes the main aquifer units, but that of the highly weathered layer is dominant. The two existing productive boreholes were observed to be located within the zones identified as good groundwater potential zones, while the failed borehole exists on a poor groundwater potential zone. The study area has generally limited groundwater potential, and this may be responsible for the non-availability of adequate productive boreholes. This study therefore is significant in that it will assist the institution’s authorities in deciding which part of the study area is to be focused for the purpose of siting groundwater boreholes or any ancilliary water facilities in that regards in the future times so as to forestall recurrence of failures as has been witnessed in the past, while the reading public will find it as a useful reference in proferring solutions in the areas of general basement complex groundwater location, and more particularly where the geology is similar to that of the study area

Hematoma espontâneo recorrente de mama: revisão da literatura e relato de caso

BACKGROUND: Breast hematomas are common after traumas, surgeries, or contusions. They are rarely spontaneous, but they can occur spontaneously in patients with hematologic disease or with coagulation disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors report a clinical case of a 48-year-old female with a 27-year history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria who underwent mammography screening because of a painless palpable moveable node in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast. RESULTS: Mammography showed a partially defined heterogeneous node of 35 mm without microcalcifications in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast which, associated with the clinical features, seemed to be an hematoma. Further mammography and ultrasound after 45 days showed retrocession of the lesion, and another mammography obtained after 60 days was normal. Seventy-five days after the first episode, the patient complained of another node with a skin bruise in the upper outer quadrant of the same breast, which seemed to be a recurrent hematoma. Two months later the mammography obtained was normal. CONCLUSION: Breast hematoma must be thought of as a differential diagnosis for a breast node, regardless of previous trauma or hematologic disorders.OBJETIVO: Os hematomas de mama são comuns após traumatismo, cirurgias ou contusões. Raramente são espontâneos, podendo ocorrer em pacientes com doença hematológica ou outras doenças associadas a distúrbios da coagulação sangüínea. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Os autores relatam o caso de paciente feminina, 48 anos, com diagnóstico e acompanhamento de Hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna há 27 anos, submetida a mamografia por apresentar em consulta de rotina nódulo palpável em quadrante superior interno (QSI ) da mama direita, móvel e indolor. RESULTADOS: A mamografia evidenciou nódulo heterogêneo, de 35 mm, em QSI da mama direita, de contorno parcialmente delimitado, sem microcalcificações, que correlacionado com a história clínica, sugeria o diagnóstico de hematoma. O controle evolutivo com mamografia e ecografia, após 45 dias mostrou substancial regressão da lesão e novo exame após 60 dias foi normal. Decorridos 75 dias do primeiro episódio, a paciente apresentou outro nódulo, agora associado a hematoma cutâneo, em quadrante superior externo da mesma mama, interpretado como novo hematoma. O controle clínico após dois meses do segundo episódio foi normal. CONCLUSÕES: A hipótese de hematoma deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de nódulo mamário, com ou sem história de trauma ou doença sistêmica associada

Long-term follow-up on the use of vascularized fibular graft for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is one of the most difficult conditions to treat.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Five girls and 3 boys with CPT were treated by vascularized fibular grafting (VFG). The average age at VFG was 7.0 years (range: 1.9–11.5 years) with an average follow-up term of 11.7 years (range: 4.9–19.6 years). Five of the children had undergone multiple operations before VFG, while the other 3 had no such history.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Bone consolidation was obtained in all cases after an average term of 6.6 months (range: 4–10 months); this was with the first VFG in 7 cases but with the second VFG in 1 case. Complication of stress fracture and ankle pain occurred in 1 and 3 cases, respectively, only in cases undergoing multiple operations. Leg-length discrepancy was more prominent in the patients with multiple previous operations (mean: 7.5 cm), than in the cases with no prior surgery (mean: 0.7 cm).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The long-term results of VFG for CPT were excellent, especially in the cases, with no prior surgery. VFG should be considered as a primary treatment option for CPT.</p

International Preoperative Rectal Cancer Management: Staging, Neoadjuvant Treatment, and Impact of Multidisciplinary Teams

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding variations in preoperative treatment and practice for rectal cancer (RC) on an international level, yet practice variation may result in differences in recurrence and survival rates. METHODS: One hundred seventy-three international colorectal centers were invited to participate in a survey of preoperative management of rectal cancer. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three (71%) responded, with a majority of respondents from North America, Europe, and Asia. Ninety-three percent have more than 5 years' experience with rectal cancer surgery. Fifty-five percent use CT scan, 35% MRI, 29% ERUS, 12% digital rectal examination and 1% PET scan in all RC cases. Seventy-four percent consider threatened circumferential margin (CRM) an indication for neoadjuvant treatment. Ninety-two percent prefer 5-FU-based long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). A significant difference in practice exists between the US and non-US surgeons: poor histological differentiation as an indication for CRT (25% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.008), CRT for stage II and III rectal cancer (92% vs. 43%, p = 0.0001), MRI for all RC patients (20% vs. 42%, p = 0.03), and ERUS for all RC patients (43% vs. 21%, p = 0.01). Multidisciplinary team meetings significantly influence decisions for MRI (RR = 3.62), neoadjuvant treatment (threatened CRM, RR = 5.67, stage II + III RR = 2.98), quality of pathology report (RR = 4.85), and sphincter-saving surgery (RR = 3.81). CONCLUSIONS: There was little consensus on staging, neoadjuvant treatment, and preoperative management of rectal cancer. Regular multidisciplinary team meetings influence decisions about neoadjuvant treatment and staging methods