ANALOGY AND PRECEDENT IN THE COMMON LAW AND THE CIVIL LAW: OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND TERMINOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

Статья посвящена сравнительному исследованию институтов прецедента и аналогии в англо-американском и континентальном праве.Объектом изучения являются терминологические, лексические и семантические особенности институтов прецедента и аналогии в общем и романо-германском праве.Как отмечается авторами, главной особенностью языка юриспруденции является высокая степень абстракции юридических терминов, широкая возможность интерпретации и толкования. Несмотря на взаимопроникновение систем общего и континентального права, сглаживание границ между правовыми отраслями, терминологические различия между институтами остаются существенными. Поскольку право выполняет важную социальную функцию, терминологические ошибки в юридическом тексте должны быть сведены к минимуму. Правильное определение значения термина с учетом особенностей правовой системы необходимо в любой сфере юриспруденции, что обусловливает актуальность и прикладной характер темы исследования.Научная новизна работы состоит в разработке авторами классификации терминологических особенностей институтов прецедента и аналогии в общем и континентальном праве.Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в сравнительных юридических и лингвистических исследованиях. При применении институтов аналогии и прецедента, в особенности в сфере сравнительного права.The article is devoted to the research of comparing terminological and meaning differences between such legal institutes as analogy and precedent in both the Common Law and the Civil Law systems. The applicability of this theme is proved by importance of comparative research in order to shows that mindful of differences between separate systems, we can nevertheless find some common features. Despite Common Law was built on precedent and Civil Law on statutes, in modern times the statutes play more significant role in Common Law and case law influences on Civil Law jurisdiction.The primary goal of this study is a research of outstanding features, the similarities and differences both institutes analogy and precedent in the separate systems.Research results can be used in the comparative legal studies and cross-linguistic researches and also when applying analogy and precedent especially in the area of comparative law

CONTENT OF PROTEIN AND GLYCOPROTEINS, THEIR COMPONENTS IN THE ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC GASTRITIS, DUODENITIS

In the oral fluid of children with chronic gastritis, duodenitis there is the increased protein content (up to 7.33±0.43 g/l) against the background of the decreasing level of glycoproteins (up to 0.03±0.01 mg/ml). Coefficient of ratio protein / glycoproteins in the oral fluid is increased by a factor of 9510, which has shown the intensive decay of protein-carbohydrate complexes and the increasing content of the protein fragments. In the composition of glycoproteins there is the reduced amount of hexosamines (up to 0.23±0.01 mmol/l), against the background of the increasing sialic acids (up to 0.16±0.01 mmol/l) and fucose (up to 0.87±0.02 mmol/l). Coefficient of ratio of terminal and corpus monosaccharides in the glycoproteins of the oral fluid in patients with chronic gastritis, duodenitis is increased by a factor of 2.41 and 3.34, as compared to the same values in the control group of children, which significantly modifies the functional properties of the protein-carbohydrate complexes

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА К ОЦЕНКЕ ПРИОБРЕТАЕМОЙ КОМПАНИИ

The technique of an assessment of business within the comparative approach based on four consecutive stages is considered in the article. As a result of research the contents and an analysis algorithm of each stage are in detail stated for objectivity of receiving the effective final result. The practical importance of research is that the received conclusions will allow financial managers and investors to raise validity of managing decisions concerning transactions in the market of corporate control.В статье рассматривается методика оценки бизнеса в рамках сравнительного подхода, основанная на четырех последовательных этапах. В результате исследования подробно изложены содержание и алгоритм анализа каждого этапа для объективности получения эффективного конечного результата. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в том, что полученные выводы позволят финансовым менеджерам и инвесторам повысить обоснованность принятия управленческих решений в отношении сделок на рынке корпоративного контроля

Role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in missed miscarriage and its relationship to oxidative stress markers

Aim. The study aimed to investigate the level of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and its relationship to markers of oxidative stress (OS) as predictors of missed miscarriage (MM). Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study of 80 females was conducted. The main group included 40 patients with MM at 5–9 weeks of gestation; the control group included 40 females with elective termination at the same gestation period. OS markers, including malonic dialdehyde, carbonyl groups of proteins, and the superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme, as well as the GDF-15, were measured in serum, aspiration fluid, and chorionic tissues in women with normal pregnancy and MM at 5–9 weeks of gestation. Results. The results showed that the complex balance maintained between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant activity in MM is shifted towards oxidative reactions (p0.05) and is associated with non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, and OS can become a leading factor in the pathogenesis of MM. The GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in aspiration fluid and chorionic tissues in patients of the study groups; low concentrations of GDF-15 in MM patients in aspiration fluid and chorionic tissues highlight the role of this protein as an important regulator of proinflammatory molecules (p0.05). In addition, a decrease in the GDF-15 level negatively correlates with OS markers, such as malonic dialdehyde and the superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme, suggesting the role of this cytokine in peroxidation and OS development. Conclusion. The study of biomarkers of independent pathological pathways as predictors of miscarriage will allow clinicians to stratify and predict the risks of early reproductive loss more accurately

Effects of Arctic commercial shipping on environments and communities : context, governance, priorities

Increasing shipping traffic in the Arctic Ocean creates an emerging need to understand the consequences of maritime operations on the Arctic environment and coastal Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities, as well as potential governance responses. To address this need, we examine recent shipping trends and assess their impact on Arctic environments and communities. Our arguments are novel, and are built around contemporary empirical investigations and published scientific studies, reports, and government documents. The paper concludes that the environmental and community impacts vary across the Arctic and that greater international coordination is needed to learn from experience, to share assets and capacities, and to guide responsible and sustainable development of Arctic shipping. Given the possibility for opening of the Transpolar Sea Route within the coming decades, further proactive steps, such as developing a governance framework, could help Arctic shipping avoid rather than attempt to correct problems. Shipping Arctic routes Indigenous peoples Local communities Social and environmental concerns RiskspublishedVersio

Influence of Titania Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation on the State of Platinum during Ammonia Oxidation

A set of physicochemical methods, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, was applied to study Pt/TiO$_{2}$ catalysts prepared by impregnation using a commercial TiO$_{2}$-P25 support and a support produced by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLA). The Pt/TiO$_{2}$-PLA catalysts showed increased thermal stability due to the localization of the highly dispersed platinum species at the intercrystalline boundaries of the support particles. In contrast, the Pt/TiO$_{2}$-P25 catalysts were characterized by uniform distribution of the Pt species over the support. Analysis of Pt4f XP spectra shows that oxidized Pt$^{2+}$ and Pt$^{4+}$ species are formed in the Pt/TiO$_{2}$-P25 catalysts, while the platinum oxidation state in the Pt/TiO$_{2}$-PLA catalysts is lower due to stronger interaction of the active component with the support due to strong interaction via Pt-O-Ti bonds. The Pt4f XP spectra of the samples after reaction show Pt$^{2+}$ and metallic platinum, which is the catalytically active species. The study of the catalytic properties in ammonia oxidation showed that, unlike the catalysts prepared with a commercial support, the Pt/TiO$_{2}$-PLA samples show higher stability during catalysis and significantly higher selectivity to N$_{2}$ in a wide temperature range of 200–400 °C

Segmental paleotetraploidy revealed in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) genome by chromosome painting

Backgroun

In situ probing of Pt/TiO2_{2} activity in low-temperature ammonia oxidation

The improvement of the low-temperature activity of the supported platinum catalysts in selective ammonia oxidation to nitrogen is still a challenging task. The recent developments in in situ/operando characterization techniques allows to bring new insight into the properties of the systems in correlation with their catalytic activity. In this work, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques were applied to study Pt/TiO$_{2}$ catalysts in ammonia oxidation (NH$_{3}$ + O$_{2}$ reaction). Several synthesis methods were used to obtain samples with different size of Pt particles, oxidation state of Pt, and morphology of the support. Metal platinum particles on titania prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquids exhibited the highest activity at lower temperatures with the temperature of 50% conversion of NH$_{3}$ being 150 °C. The low-temperature activity of the catalysts synthesized by impregnation can be improved by the reductive pretreatment. NAP-XPS and operando XANES data do not show formation of PtO$_{x}$ surface layers or PtO/PtO$_{2}$ oxides during NH$_{3}$ + O$_{2}$ reaction. Despite the differences in the oxidation state of platinum in the as-prepared catalysts, their treatment in the reaction mixture results in the formation of metallic platinum particles, which can serve as centers for stabilization of the adsorbed oxygen species. Stabilization of the bulk platinum oxide structures in the Pt/TiO$_{2}$ catalysts seems to be less favorable due to the metal–support interaction