Penilaian Jenis Dan Frekuensi Polimorfisme Gen Reseptor Adrenergik Beta-2 (Β2ar) Di Malaysia.

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is encoded by an intronless gene on the long arm (q31-q32) of chromosome 5. The gene contains single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Gen reseptor adrenergik beta-2 (β2AR) dikodkan oleh gen tanpa intron pada kedudukan lengan panjang q31-q32 kromosom 5. Gen ini mengandungi polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal (SNPs)

The molecular phylogenetic signature of Bali cattle revealed by maternal and paternal markers

Bali cattle is a domestic cattle breed that can be found in Malaysia. It is a domestic cattle that was purely derived from a domestication event in Banteng (Bos javanicus) around 3,500 BC in Indonesia. This research was conducted to portray the phylogenetic relationships of the Bali cattle with other cattle species in Malaysia based on maternal and paternal lineage. We analyzed the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene and SRY of Y chromosome obtained from five species of the Bos genus (B. javanicus, Bos gaurus, Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos grunniens). The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was used as an outgroup. The phylogenetic relationships were observed by employing several algorithms: Neighbor-Joining (PAUP version 4.0), Maximum parsimony (PAUP version 4.0) and Bayesian inference (MrBayes 3.1). Results from the maternal data showed that the Bali cattle formed a monophyletic clade, and together with the B. gaurus clade formed a wild cattle clade. Results were supported by high bootstrap and posterior probability values together with genetic distance data. For the paternal lineage, the sequence variation is low (with parsimony informative characters: 2/660) resulting an unresolved Neighbor-Joining tree. However, Bali cattle and other domestic cattle appear in two monophyletic clades distinct from yak, gaur and selembu. This study expresses the potential of the COI gene in portraying the phylogenetic relationships between several Bos species which is important for conservation efforts especially in decision making since cattle is highly bred and hybrid breeds are often formed. Genetic conservation for this high quality beef cattle breed is important by maintaining its genetic characters to prevent extinction or even decreased the genetic quality

Enhancement on stain detection for automatic handwashing audit vision system

Hand hygiene of the health care worker is critical to prevent infectious disease such as airborne diseases, nosocomial infections, and Hepatitis A among patients. Currently, the handwashing audit among hospital staffs are done manually by observation from an expert. There is a need for automation ease the process and accuracy in detection using vision system. This paper focus on the enhancement of the established prototype and the detection system by the additional third template. The prototype is enhanced by size reduction, sturdier material and hands placement base. The vision system uses a robust threshold to detect the discolored stain with an enhancement on stain templates. The detection and recognition of palm in images is a key research topic that has attracted attention owing to an unveiling human perception mechanism. The system accuracy has increased by 40% from previous work by the enhancement which for three cases the system accurately detects stains on washed hands with Glogerm by 71% and unwashed hand with GloGerm by 81%

Species identification of Malayan Gaur, Kedah-Kelantan and Bali cattle using polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a useful genetic marker that can be used for species identification. The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene is a suitable mtDNA candidate gene for use in phylogenetic analyses due to its sequence variability, which makes it appropriate for comparisons at the subspecies, species, and genus levels. This study was conducted to develop a rapid molecular method for species identification of Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki), Kedah-Kelantan (KK) (Bos indicus), and Bali (Bos javanicus) cattle in Malaysia. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 8 Malayan gaurs, 30 KK, and 28 Bali cattle. A set of both specific and universal primers for the Cyt b gene were used in PCR amplification. DNA sequences obtained were then analyzed using BioEdit and Restriction Mapper softwares. The PCR products obtained from Cyt b gene amplification were then subjected to restriction enzyme digestion. The amplification, using both specific and universal primers, produced a 154- and a 603-bp fragment, respectively, in all three species. Two restriction enzymes, NlaIV and SspI, were used to obtain specific restriction profiles that allowed direct identification of Malayan gaur, KK, and Bali cattle. Our findings indicate that all three species can be identified separately using a combination of universal primers and the restriction enzyme SspI

A Simple and Rapid Genotyping Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Two ADRB2 Allelic Variants Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Probes and Melting Curve Analysis

Allelic variants at codons 16 and 27 of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) have shown clinical and pharmacological implications in asthma, hypertension, ischemic heart failure, diabetes, obesity, and cystic fibrosis. We have developed a simultaneous genotyping assay for the c.46A>G and c.79C>G allelic variants using hybridization probes and melting curve analysis. The assay was optimized on a panel of 30 DNA samples of known ADRB2 genotype as determined by sequencing with 100% concordance between the two techniques. Melting temperature (Tm) ranges for the different genotypes were obtained using data from three independent experiments. Single peaks for p.Arg16Arg (Tm = 57.76°C ± 0.10°C) and p.Gly16Gly (Tm = 66.73°C ± 0.18°C) and two melting peaks for p.Arg16Gly were obtained. Similarly, single peaks for p.Gln27Gln (Tm = 53.98°C ± 0.19°C) and p.Glu27Glu (Tm = 64.93°C ± 0.16°C) and two peaks for p.Gln27Glu were detected. Independent operators easily assigned genotypes in a sample set of 385 asthmatic patients. Haplotype and allele frequencies were in concordance with previously published data: Arg allele frequencies in children/adults were 0.34/0.30 in Caucasians and 0.45/0.52 in African Americans, and Gln allele frequencies were 0.58/0.52 in Caucasians and 0.82/0.84 in African Americans. Thus, the ADRB2 genotyping assay represents a highly reliable and rapid technique for routine clinical use in the simultaneous detection of ADRB2 variants