Enantiomerization Of Current-use Chiral Pesticides in Soil

Pesticides are widely used around the world because, in part, they increase food production, decrease the spread of disease via insects, and protect buildings from damage due to these pests. Chiral pesticides, pesticides which contain molecules that can have at least two stereoisomers, make up about 25% of all pesticides. In order to decrease the mass of pesticides applied to the environment, only the bioactive enantiomer could be marketed as a chiral switch formula; however, if the enantiopure pesticide undergoes enantiomerization in the environment, it would defeat the purpose of marketing such a formula. The goal of this thesis is to elucidate if two chiral pesticides, metalaxyl and malathion, undergo enantiomerization in soil. Soil was collected at Lake Hartwell near Anderson, SC. The soil was characterized for metal oxide content, trace metals, particle size distribution, pH, and organic carbon. Then, the process of enantiomerization was observed under the following conditions for metalaxyl: acid-unsterilized, lime-unsterilized, acid-sterilized, and lime-sterilized. For malathion, enantiomerization was observed under the following conditions: acid-unsterilized, lime-unsterilized at ambient temperatures, and lime-unsterilized at 10°C. Chiral analysis was performed to determine if enantiomerization took place; achiral analysis was performed to determine mass balance. Racemic metalaxyl was found to have no statistically significant change in enantiomeric fraction (EF) over two weeks in any of the treatments listed above, which is consistent with previous research. Metalaxyl-M, the chiral switch formula composed of 97% of the R-enantiomer, showed statistically significant differences in both of the unsterilized treatments, which may be due to the small presence of the (+)-enantiomer, allowing any variation in EF to magnify error and cause a statistically significant difference. There was no evidence of degradation for either formulation over two weeks. The R-enantiomer for malathion demonstrated a statistically significant change in EF on day three in acid-unsterilized soil while the S-enantiomer and racemic mixture did not. There was also evidence of degradation occurring over three days. For the lime-unsterilized treatments in a 10°C environment, statistically significant differences in EF were found in all three incubations over three days. For the lime-unsterilized treatments at ambient temperature, there was a statistically significant change in EF for R-malathion but not for S-malathion. There was evidence of degradation for all incubations in both 10°C and ambient temperatures; however, degradation was much slower for the incubations in the 10°C environment. These observations support the hypothesis that metalaxyl will not undergo enantiomerization in the environment while malathion will

Influence of Wide-Tire Skidder Operations on Soils

This study assesses changes in soil dry bulk density (dry unit weight), and evaluates soil disturbance associated with wide-tire skidder traffic on five Vancouver Island forest soils. In general, soil bulk densities increased with increasing skidder traffic; the effect was more pronounced at higher soil water contents. The results did not vary dramatically from site to site. Soil disturbance, in the form of rutting, and exposure of mineral soil increased with increasing traffic and was generally more pronounced under moist soil conditions. The compactive effect of the wide-tire skidder is at the lower end of the range of compactive effects reported for ground-based yarding equipment, but is still expected to have a negative effect on seedling height growth

Serving Through Adversity: Community-Based Nonprofits Negotiating Race, Place, and a State Budget Crisis, 2007-2011

This qualitative study examines the ways in which the leadership and staff of four community-based organizations in a high-poverty African American community in Chicago perceived and were impacted by economic, political, and social changes in their community from 2007 to 2011. During a time of economic hardship caused in part by the state\u27s budget crisis that threatened their very survival, these nonprofits connected residents with community institutions, government, and church in response to their needs. Processes of acquiring resources and capital, prioritizing the needs, shifting programs and people for maximum benefit, and finally shedding expendable programs and people for the greater good of the organization and according to its mission were employed. Race was determined by African American leadership to be a determining factor for the acquisition of financial support, and white leadership was more confident about approaching funding sources than were African American leaders. One implication of this study is that racism, both real and perceived, fosters mistrust, which has been shown to inhibit the acquisition and accumulation of capital among African Americans. Another implication points to the capacity of organizational leadership to employ creative strategies for access to various forms of capital as they adjust to changing economic, political, and social environments

Concert recording 2021-11-09

[Track 1]. Studio entire recital. Come all, come all ye youngsters / Henry Purcell -- Vergin tutto amor / Francesco Durante -- Du bist die Ruh / Franz Schubert -- Paride ed Elena. Spiagge amate / Christoph Gluck -- Dichterliebe. Ich grolle nicht / Robert Schumann -- L’ultima canzone / Francesco Tosti -- A chloris / Reynaldo Hahn -- Nichts / Richard Strauss -- Let beauty awake / Ralph Vaughan Williams -- Beau soir / Claude Debussy -- Die nachtigall / Alban Berg -- Four Dickinson songs. Will there really be a morning? / Lori Laitman -- Pierrot / Debussy -- Die Entführung aus dem Serail. Durch Zärtlichkeit und Schmeicheln / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart -- Dos canciones. Mexicanas estrellita / Manuel Ponce -- Granada / Agustin Lara -- Mandoline / Debussy -- Five art songs. Sympathy / Florence Price -- Winterreise. Die Wetterfahne ; Gerfrorne Tränen / Schubert -- Louise. Depuis le jour / Gustave Charpentier -- No ordinary woman. Bones, be good! / Gwyneth Walker

Distribution and variability of some chemical parameters in the soils of a forested hillslope

Trends in soil chemistry are studied on a 300 meter long hillslope in the Cascade Mountain Range of southwestern British Columbia. Although trends are not wholly consistent from horizon to horizon, the following general statements can be made: pH tends to increase downslope; exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium and cation exchange capacity decrease noticeably downslope; carbon may decrease slightly downslope; nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen ratio, percent base saturation, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable potassium remain effectively constant downslope. Soil chemistry is shown to be related to horizon, slope position and parent material. Variability among chemical species increases in the sequence: pH, percent base saturation, carbon/nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, exchangeable calcium, percent carbon, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable magnesium. Variability fluctuates among soil horizons but not so noticeably with slope position. A slight increase in variability with the size of the area sampled is evident.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofGraduat

Pastor Derrick Rollerson & Pastor Mark Soderquist

Pastor Derrick Rollerson and Pastor Mark Soderquist, Westlawn Gospel Chapel, Chicago, IL, share their stories and about their friendship

Landslide Sediment Flux and Forest Management in Northeastern Vancouver Island, Coastal British Columbia

To evaluate landslide response of mountain drainage basins to forest management we examine a historical inventory in northeastern Vancouver Island. The study area is underlain by extrusive (upper Triassic Karmutsen Formation) and intrusive rocks (Jurassic Island Intrusions). The dataset, compiled via interpretation of sequential aerial photosets, helicopter traverses, and extensive fieldwork, comprises a total of 1961 sediment sources, including 798 field-measured events. Field- and photo-based data cover a time window of approximately 70 years. The effects of forest management on landslide activity are assessed in terms of landslide density, sediment production, landslide geometry, landslide magnitude-frequency relations, topographic conditions of landslide initiation and deposition, and sediment redistribution across landscape components. Results indicate that forest management alters natural landslide dynamics in many respects. Logging-related debris avalanches are typically smaller. Consequently, the magnitude-frequency relation in logged terrain occupies the small-medium magnitude spectrum (< 6000 m3), with frequencies increasing by over an order of magnitude. Lithologic effects on sediment production appear amplified, in that terrain underlain by extrusive rocks become increasingly more unstable than intrusive ones. Analysis of landslide initiation and deposition zones reveals that forest management promotes colluvial aggradation on mid and lower hillslopes and in gullies. This pattern, which accelerates sediment recharge of gully systems, has the potential of increasing the frequency of channelized debris-flows, hence cause an extended period of disturbance, before sediment dynamics recover to pre-logging conditions. The effects of forest clearing on hillslope-channel coupling are composite: in cutblocks the percentage of sediment delivered to streams is reduced by 20-60% whereas road-related landslides are associated with highestconnectivity to streams

Colluvial sediment dynamics in mountain drainage basins

Colluvial sediment dynamics are examined using a 70-year landslide inventory in formerly glaciated mountain drainage basins of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Landslide sediment transfer is documented by identifying landslide types, and by characterizing preferential sites of landslide initiation, delivery, and storage across spatial scales. Data analysis reveals that open-slope landslides delivering material to seasonal or perennial channels and fluvial terraces are the dominant mechanisms of sediment transfer. This finding suggests high instability of the low-order channel network and its ongoing re-organization (degradation) after generalized sediment recharge occurred in the last glacial maximum. In the study period, landslide activity across the landscape has generated net degradation on planar slopes and first-order colluvial channels, whereas unchannelled valleys, higher-order colluvial channels and alluvial channels have accumulated material. The scaling relation of the landslide sediment yield appears to be controlled by the spatial arrangement of the relict glacial macro-forms. Landslide yield is highest in unchannelled topography, decreases at the scale of channel initiation (Ad~0.002 km2), and remains constant for drainage areas where length scales of cirque/valley walls and hanging valley floors overlap (0.002bAdb0.06). Injections of landslide material start declining consistently beyond areas larger than 0.6 km2 (the scale of relict glacial trough initiation), where fluvial environments become increasingly disconnected from landslide inputs. Cumulative yield indicates that colluvial sediment redistribution is limited to small basins; specifically, 90% of the colluvial load is released at scales smaller than about 0.6 km