Chemische und mineralogische Charakterisierung einer thermisch behandelten Elektrofilterasche

The incineration of municipal solid waste creates a highly toxic fly ash, collected by the electrostatic precipitator. This residue requires a treatment before being disposed or partially recycled. One way for the detoxification is a thermal processing between 1300 and 1400°. At this temperature range all organic pollutants will be destroyed and the inorganic compounds separated into a heavy metal containing condensate, an inert, vitreous silicate-phase and a sulfurdioxid enriched waste gas. For the study of this process different samples of the glass phase (both from the melt vessel and after the outlet) were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical microscopy (OM). The samples from the melt vessel showed an increase of lead, zinc, manganese, copper, and iron from the top to the bottom of the crucible by a factor of 5. Sulfur displayed an even larger increase from 0.005 g/100 g (%) in the top part to 12 g/100 g (%) near the bottom. In the lower part of the melting tub sulfides like FeS, ZnS, Cu2S, and MoS2 dominate. Oxides like melilites and spinels are enriched in the top part and show decreasing concentrations with increasing depth

Quantum search by measurement

We propose a quantum algorithm for solving combinatorial search problems that uses only a sequence of measurements. The algorithm is similar in spirit to quantum computation by adiabatic evolution, in that the goal is to remain in the ground state of a time-varying Hamiltonian. Indeed, we show that the running times of the two algorithms are closely related. We also show how to achieve the quadratic speedup for Grover's unstructured search problem with only two measurements. Finally, we discuss some similarities and differences between the adiabatic and measurement algorithms.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Thermal technologies to convert solid waste residuals into technical glass products

Solid waste residuals f r o m waste incinerator flue gas cleaning Systems consist of various oxides, alkali halogenide salts, heavy metal Compounds and traces of organic pollutants. After the Separation of the volatile components from the oxides and the complete destruction of the organics by a thermal treatment at a temperature υ > 1200°C, the remaining oxides are obtained as a homogeneous black glass ready for the direct reuse as a filling or stabilizing material, the production of glass-ceramics by a further thermal processing and/or the use as a secondary raw material for the production of technical glass products, e.g. glass wool, glass fibre or foam glass. For the determination of the reuse potential of the vitrified wastes, basic material parameters have to be determined and compared with Standard glasses. Under this aspect the chemical resistance in acids, bases and water, the density, the hardness, the elasticity, shear and compression moduli, the Poisson's ratio, the bending strength, the dielectric permittivity a nd losses, the refractive index, the optical reflectivity and absorption behaviour, the thermal expansion coefficient, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity were determined for vitrified electrostatic precipitator ash from municipal solid waste incineration plants. The results of these studies, compared with those obtained for Duran, showed a low leachability in neutral and alkaline media a nd good electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Tests to transform the as-received glasses into glass-ceramics were carried out. Preliminary recrystallization experiments led to dark brown to black-coloured, partially recrystallized glass samples

Guiding through the Fog

Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) programs are formalized efforts to realize entrepreneurial activities in established companies. Despite the growing and evolving landscape of CE programs, effectively managing them remains a challenging endeavor which results in disappointing outcomes and oftentimes leads to the early termination of such programs. We unmask the differences in goal setting of CE programs and highlight that setting appropriate goals is imperative for their desired outcomes. In practice, companies seem to struggle with the goal setting, and scholars have not yet fully solved the puzzle of goals setting in the context of CE programs either. Therefore, we set out to explore the current state of goal setting in the context of CE programs building upon 61 semi-structured interviews with CE program executives from cross-industry companies with different sizes. Our study contributes to a better understanding of goal setting in the context of CE programs by (1) characterizing the goal setting of CE programs based on goal attributes and goal types and (2) identifying differences among the goal setting of CE programs. We provide implications to practice for a more effective management of CE programs and conclude with a discussion for future research on the impact of the different goal settings

Structural Evolution of Perpendicular Lamellae in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films during Solvent Vapor Treatment Investigated by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

The structural evolution in poly(styrene- b -butadiene) (P(S- b -B)) diblock copolymer thin films during solvent vapor treatment is investigated in situ using time-resolved grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Using incident angles above and below the polymer critical angle, structural changes near the film surface and in the entire film are distinguished. The swelling of the film is one-dimensional along the normal of the substrate. During swelling, the initially perpendicular lamellae tilt within the film to be able to shrink. In contrast, at the film surface, the lamellae stay perpendicular, and eventually vanish at the expense of a thin PB wetting layer. During the subsequent drying, the perpendicular lamellae reappear at the surface, and finally, PS blocks protrude. By modeling, the time-dependent height of the protrusions can be quantitatively extracted