Les archives de la direction chargée des constructions scolaires au ministère de l’Éducation nationale (1956-1986) : de la production à la conservation

Créée en septembre 1956, la direction de l’Équipement scolaire, universitaire et sportif (Desus), devenue direction des Équipements et des Constructions (DEC) en 1975, a centralisé au sein du ministère de l’Éducation nationale les dossiers liés aux constructions scolaires et universitaires en France jusqu’à sa disparition en janvier 1986. Son fonds d’archives, aujourd’hui conservé aux Archives nationales, représente près d’un kilomètre linéaire. Il reflète l’organisation de la direction, l’évolution de ses attributions, les procédures administratives et financières des travaux effectués sur les établissements scolaires, notamment sur les lycées. Les modalités de collecte et les interventions des archivistes expliquent également la physionomie actuelle du fonds et sa difficile exploitation. Cet article a pour objectif de donner quelques clés d’entrée dans ce fonds complexe, à la recherche des dossiers des lycées, qui ne se distinguent pas particulièrement dans la masse.From September 1956 until its dissolution in January 1986, the “direction de l’équipement scolaire, universitaire et sportif”, the “Directorate for School, University and Sports Facilities” (DESUS) in the Education Department, renamed in 1975 as “direction des équipements et des constructions”, “Directorate of Facilities and Buildings” (DEC), was in charge of construction works for school and university buildings in France and centralised the related files. Its archival collection is now kept in the “Archives nationales de France”, French National Archives and consists of nearly one linear kilometre. It’s a fair reflection of the Directorate’s organisation, the evolution of its responsibilities, the administrative and financial procedures implemented to manage the works for schools, in particular high schools. The procedures for collecting archives and the archivists’ actions also explain how the collection stands today and why its exploitation is rather difficult. This article aims to give some keys to access this complicated material and find the high school buildings records, even when they don’t particularly stand out in it

Contribución arqueométrica al estudio de las técnicas y de la organización de la producción de cerámica ritual en la sociedad Mochica (150-850 d.C., costa norte del Perú)

Este artículo presenta los primeros resultados del estudio tecnológico de cerámica ritual mochica por medio de análisis de laboratorio. Esta investigación subraya la importancia de referirse, en la interpretación de los datos arqueométricos, a la información disponible sobre los contextos de producción antiguos (talleres), así como a los datos etnográficos. Por otra parte, tiende a demostrar que la cerámica ritual mochica, lejos de ser el resultado de una concepción técnica única, pudo ser producida a partir de varios procesos técnicos, pero con un mismo afán estético.Dans cet article, sont présentés les premiers résultats de l’étude technologique de céramiques rituelles mochicas par le biais de méthodes de laboratoire. Cette recherche souligne la nécessité de prendre en compte, dans l’interprétation des données archéométriques, les informations disponibles dans le répertoire archéologique (fouilles d’ateliers), ainsi que celles fournies par le répertoire ethnographique. D’autre part, elle tend à démontrer que la céramique rituelle mochica, loin d’être le fruit d’une conception technique unique, a pu être produite à partir de procédés techniques variés visant à un objet identique sur le plan esthétique.In this article, we will discuss the first results of a technological study of Moche ritual ceramics by the means of laboratory methods. This research underlines the importance of taking into account the information available in the archaeological record (excavation of workshops), and those provided by the ethnographic survey in the interpretation of the archeometric data. In addition, this work tends to show that Moche ritual ceramics, far from being the result of a single technical concept, could be produced through different technical processes, often leading, from an aesthetic point of view, to similar results

Don d’ovocytes à l’hôpital Cochin et à l’étranger : comparaison des pratiques et impact sur les issues de grossesse

Background – Oocyte donation (OD) allows women with ovarian failure to have successful pregnancies. In France, since this technique is authorized only before the age of 43, many women seek cross border reproductive care. Our objective was to compare OD practices between Cochin hospital and several foreign centers, and to assess their impact on pregnancy outcomes.Methods – Between 2010 and 2013, 88 women benefited from an OD in Cochin and delivered in the maternity of their choice and 121 women benefited from an OD in a foreign center and then delivered in Port Royal maternity. We compared OD practices and pregnancy outcomes according to OD origin and pregnancy outcomes according to the type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple).Finally, we analyzed risk factors for preeclampsia.Results – Practices differed according to OD origin, especially regarding the number of embryos transferred, the age of the donor and multiple pregnancies rate. Both groups showed a high incidence of complications, especially in case of multiple gestations. Factors associated with preeclampsia were african origin (AOR=3.2[1.1-9.3]), primiparity (AOR=12.5[2.4-66.0]), duration of infertility ≤ 2 years (AOR=36.7[4.0-339.3]), age of the donor ≥ 35 years (AOR=5.0[1.6-16.1]) and multiple gestation (AOR=7.3[2.5-21.2]).Conclusion – OD is an independent risk factor of high risk pregnancy regardless of OD origin, while maternal age does not seem to be an aggravating factor. Since complications are more frequent in case of twin pregnancies, only one embryo should be transferred when the donor is young.Introduction – Le don d’ovocytes (DO) permet aux femmes ayant une insuffisance ovarienne d’accéder à la maternité. La loi française n’autorise pas cette technique après 43 ans, conduisant les femmes à se tourner vers l’étranger. Notre objectif était de comparer les différences de pratiques en DO entre l’hôpital Cochin et certains centres étrangers, et d’étudier leur impact sur les issues de la grossesse.Méthodes – Nous avons étudié 88 femmes ayant eu un DO à Cochin puis ayant accouché dans la maternité de leur choix et 121 femmes ayant eu un DO à l’étranger avant d’accoucher à la maternité Port Royal, entre 2010 et 2013. Nous avons comparé les pratiques puis les issues de grossesse en fonction du lieu de prise en charge, et étudié les issues de grossesse en fonction du type de grossesse. Enfin, les facteurs de risque de prééclampsie ont été analysés.Résultats – Les pratiques différaient en fonction du lieu de prise en charge, surtout pour le nombre d’embryons transférés, l’âge de la donneuse et les grossesses multiples. Les complications étaient élevées dans les deux groupes, surtout en cas de grossesse multiple. Les facteurs associés à la prééclampsie étaient l’origine africaine (ORa=3,2[1,1-9,3]), la primiparité (ORa=12,5[2,4-66,0]), la durée d’infertilité ≤ 2 ans (ORa=36,7[4,0-339,3]), l’âge de la donneuse ≥ 35 ans (ORa=5,0[1,6-16,1]) et la grossesse multiple (ORa=7,3[2,5-21,2]).Conclusion – Les grossesses après DO sont à haut risque indépendamment du lieu de prise en charge, l’âge maternel ne semblant pas être un facteur aggravant. Les complications sont particulièrement fréquentes en cas de gémellité, justifiant le transfert d’un seul embryon lorsque la donneuse est jeune

Influence of the microstructure of 2D-random heterogeneous media on the propagation of acoustic coherent waves

International audienceMultiple scattering of waves arises in all fields of physics either in periodic or random media. For random media the organization of the microstructure (uniform or non-uniform statistical distribution of scatterers) has effects on the propagation of coherent waves. Using a recent exact resolution method and different homogenization theories, the effects of the microstructure on the effective wavenumber are investigated over a large frequency range (ka between 0.1 and 13.4) and high concentrations. For uniform random media, increasing the configurational constraint makes the media more transparent for low frequencies and less for high frequencies. As a side but important result, we show that two of the homogenization models considered here appear to be very efficient at high frequency up to a concentration of 60%, in the case of uniform media. For non-uniform media, for which clustered and periodic aggregates appear, the main effect is to reduce the magnitude of resonances and to make network effects appear. In this case, homogenization theories are not relevant to make a detailed analysis

Determination of β

Beta-galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are oligosaccharides normally produced industrially by transgalactosylation of lactose. They are also present naturally in the milk of many animals including humans and cows. GOS are thought to be good for health, being potential prebiotic fibres, and are increasingly added to food products. In order to control the GOS content of products, the AOAC official method 2001.02 was developed. However, the method has some shortcomings and in particular is unsuited to the analysis of products containing high levels of lactose such as infant formula. To overcome this problem, we developed a new method for application to infant formula and tested it on various GOS ingredients as well as infant formulae. When applied to GOS ingredients the results of the new method compare well with those of the official AOAC method, typically giving results in the range 90–110% of those of the official method and having an expanded measurement uncertainty of less than 15%. For three products, the results were outside this range (recoveries of 80–120% and expended measurement uncertainties up to 20%). When applied to the analysis of infant formula, recoveries were in the range of 92–102% and the expanded measurement uncertainties were between 4.2 and 11%

Insights into Myodes glareolus / Puumala hantavirus interactions from rodent immunogenetics

Nephropathia epidemica (NE) is a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by the hantavirus Puumala (PUUV). In Europe, its distribution is fragmented, whereas the bank vole Myodes glareolus, which is the reservoir of PUUV, is common all over the continent. Determining the causes underlying this heterogeneity is of main importance to better understand and prevent the risks of NE emergence. Besides climatic and ecological hypotheses, we have proposed that the geographic variability of bank vole immune responses to PUUV infection could shape differences in PUUV prevalence, and consequently NE incidence. We have tested this hypothesis by studying polymorphisms and / or expression levels of six candidate genes involved in the immune response to PUUV (DRB-MHC, TNF-alpha promoter, TLR4, TLR7, Mx2, Integrin bêta3) on ten populations of bank voles sampled in the French Ardennes, along a North-South transect including PUUV endemic and non-endemic areas. Signatures of selection have been evidenced for TNF-alpha and Mx2 genes using population genetics (FST scan) and genotype - phenotype association approaches. These genes have antiviral properties but also induce immunological damages, what make them central for driving a balance of resistance / tolerance to PUUV. Bank voles vary in their basal ability to tolerate/resist to PUUV. In high PUUV prevalence areas, TNF-alpha and Mx2 expression seemed down-regulated what suggest selection or phenotypic plasticity for higher tolerance to PUUV, at the benefit of lower immunopathological costs. Some of these results have been confirmed at the European scale.Le campagnol roussâtre Myodes glareolus est le réservoir de l’hantavirus Puumala (PUUV), responsable chez l’Homme d’une forme atténuée de Fièvre Hémorragique à Syndrome Rénal (FHSR), la Néphropathie Épidémique (NE). En Europe, l’incidence de la NE présente, malgré la distribution continue du réservoir, une forte variabilité géographique dont les causes ne sont à ce jour pas identifiées. Aux hypothèses climatiques et paysagères, nous proposons que des facteurs intrinsèques aux campagnols puissent également être impliqués. Une plus forte tolérance à l’infection par le virus PUUV, chez certains campagnols roussâtres, favoriserait la persistance et la transmission de ce virus, ce qui devrait accroître le risque de NE chez l’Homme. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse en étudiant les polymorphismes et/ou les niveaux d'expression de six gènes candidats impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire à PUUV (DRB-CMH, promoteur du TNF-alpha, TLR4, TLR7, Mx2, intégrine bêta3) chez dix populations de campagnols échantillonnées le long d’un axe nord/sud dans les Ardennes françaises, couvrant des zones endémiques et non endémiques à PUUV. Des signatures de sélection ont été détectées pour TNF-alpha et Mx2 grâce à des approches de génétique des populations (scan FST) et d’associations génotypes / phénotypes. Ces gènes codent des protéines dont les propriétés antivirales sont connues, mais qui induisent des coûts immunopathologiques importants. Ils pourraient donc jouer un rôle central dans une balance de tolérance / résistance à PUUV. De plus, dans les zones d’endémie, les gènes TNF-alpha et Mx2 sont sous-exprimés, ce qui suggère l’évolution d’une plus forte tolérance à PUUV, potentiellement au bénéfice d’un moindre coût immunopathologique. Certains de ces résultats ont été confirmés à l’échelle européenn

Chlorella vulgaris in a heterotrophic bioprocess : study of the lipid bioaccessibility and oxidative stability

Microalgal biomass is an emerging source of several health-related compounds, including polyunsaturated fatty acids. Herein, Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated heterotrophically in a 16-L stirred tank bioreactor. The lipid oxidative stability and lipid bioaccessibility of the biomass harvested during the exponential and stationary phases were evaluated. The biomass harvested during the stationary phase showed lower lipid oxidation than that harvested during the exponential phase, likely due to the higher content of antioxidants in the former. In both biomasses, the hexanal and propanal profiles showed only moderate increase over 12 weeks of storage at 40 °C, indicating good oxidative stability. Lipid bioaccessibility measured in an infant in vitro model was 0.66% ± 0.16% and 2.41% ± 0.61% for the biomass harvested during the exponential and late stationary phases, respectively. This study indicates that C. vulgaris biomass can be considered as a stable and nutritious (optimal ω3:ω6 profile) source of essential fatty acids. Our results suggested that regarding lipid stability and bioaccessibility, harvesting during stationary phase could be preferred choice. In general, treatment of the biomass to increase lipid bioaccessibility should be investigated

Standing genetic diversity and selection at functional gene loci are associated with differential invasion success in two non‐native fish species

Invasive species are expected to experience a unique combination of high genetic drift due to demographic factors while also experiencing strong selective pressures. The paradigm that reduced genetic diversity should limit the evolutionary potential of invasive species and thus their potential for range expansion has received little empirical support, possibly due to the choice of genetic markers. Our goal was to test for effects of genetic drift and selection at functional genetic markers as they relate to the invasion success of two paired invasive goby species, one widespread (successful) and one with limited range expansion (less successful). We genotyped fish using two marker types: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in known-function, protein-coding genes and microsatellites to contrast the effects of neutral genetic processes. We identified reduced allelic variation in the invaded range for the less-successful tubenose goby. SNPs putatively under selection were responsible for the observed differences in population structure between marker types for round goby (successful) but not tubenose goby (less successful). A higher proportion of functional loci experienced divergent selection for round goby, suggesting increased evolutionary potential in invaded ranges may be associated with round goby’s greater invasion success. Genes involved in thermal tolerance were divergent for round goby populations but not tubenose goby, consistent with the hypothesis that invasion success for fish in temperate regions is influenced by capacity for thermal tolerance. Our results highlight the need to incorporate functional genetic markers in studies to better assess evolutionary potential for the improved conservation and management of species