33 research outputs found
CaracterÃsticas funcionales que influyen en la respuesta a la sequÃa de las especies del género Quercus: variación inter- e intra-especÃfica
El género Quercus sp. tiene una amplia distribución geográfica a lo largo de todo el Hemisferio Norte, y está presente desde zonas templado-frÃas de Europa o Norte-América, hasta zonas tropicales de América del Sur. En términos de macro-evolución son muchas las especies de este género que han desarrollado mecanismos de resistencia al estrés hÃdrico en combinación con caracteres funcionales y morfológicos que evitan la deshidratación de los tejidos aéreos, y que en último término hacen de este grupo de especies organismos muy efectivos en ambientes caracterizados por una fuerte restricción hÃdrica esporádica o estacional. La falta de agua, sobre todo en fases como la regeneración, interactúa con la disponibilidad lumÃnica, y de cuyo resultado se establece una compleja modulación de la expresión de los rasgos funcionales. Además, y desde un punto de vista micro-evolutivo, es elemento caracterÃstico de muchas especies de Quercus un alto grado de variación genética intraespecÃfica en la respuesta a sequÃa. Esta diversidad en la respuesta se establece bajo distintos órdenes jerárquicos de variación genética, y desde diferencias poblacionales hasta lÃneas maternas o individuos dentro de una misma población. AsÃ, muchas especies albergan unos niveles relativamente altos de variabilidad intraespecÃfica en respuesta a la falta de agua. En este trabajo se revisan diferentes mecanismos de tolerancia y evitación de la sequÃa que explican el éxito de numerosas especies del género Quercus en ambientes con importantes limitaciones hÃdricas. El análisis se hace extensible a los estudios de la variación intra-especÃfica, para finalizar con una breve visión de algunos posibles patrones de respuesta esperables en un futuro caracterizado por ambientes hÃdricamente más estresantes en amplias zonas del mundo, y en particular en el área mediterránea
Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations on leaf carbon assimilation in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings enduring moderate water stress under natural conditions
Seasonal variation and the differential effect of drought on photosynthetic parameters involved in carbon assimilation in forest species have been poorly studied under natural conditions. Limitations to diffusion and biochemical factors affecting leaf carbon uptake were analyzed in young beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing in natural gaps of a beech-wood at the southern limit of the species. Half of the seedling received periodic watering in addition to natural rainfall to reduce the severity of the summer drought which is typical in the area. Plant water status was evaluated by measuring predawn water potential. Basic biochemical parameters were inferred from photosynthesis-CO2 curves (A-Cc) under saturating light and chlorophyll fluorescence. The curves were established on three dates during the summer months Main variables studied included: stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gs and gm respectively), maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum electron transport capacity (Jmax). The gm was estimated by two methodologies: the curve-fitting and J constant methods. Seedlings withstood a moderate water stress as the leaf predawn water potential (Ψpd) measured during the study was within the range –0.2 to –0.5 MPa. A mild drought caused gs and gm to decrease only slightly in response to Ψpd. However both diffusional parameters explained most of the limitations to CO2 uptake. Furthermore, non-stomatal limitations were also important limiting net photosynthesis as water stress increased. In addition, it should be highlighted that the biochemical limitations, prompted by Vcmax and Jmax, were related mainly to ontogenic factors, without any clear relationship with drought under the moderate water stress experienced by beech seedlings through the study. The results may help to further understand of the functional mechanisms influencing carbon fixation capacity of beech seedlings. This capacity may influence the total carbon balance of beech seedlings, and feed forward to their growth and survival under drought-prone environments such as those in the south of Europe.Peer reviewe
Can we favour growth of multi-centennial beech trees by reducing competition of their offspring?
Evaluación del efecto de reducir la competencia entre hayas en el crecimiento de hayas centenarias y de porvenir
Respuesta fisiológica y quÃmica de clones de Ulmus minor susceptibles y resistentes a la grafiosis tras la inoculación con Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
Los motivos por los que algunos genotipos de
Ulmus minor
Mill. resisten más que otros a la infección
con el hongo patógeno
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
son aun desconocida. Con el objetivo de evaluar si la resis-
tencia a la enfermedad de la grafiosis está relacionada con la posesión de ciertos rasgos fisiológicos o quÃ-
micos, se compararon clones de
U.
minor
resistentes y susceptibles a la grafiosis, antes y después de la ino-
culación con
O.
novo-ulmi
. Se midieron el potencial hÃdrico, las tasas de respiración y fotosÃntesis foliar,
y la conductividad hidráulica de ramas terminales y su composición quÃmica mediante espectroscopÃa de
infrarrojo (FT-IR). La inoculación con el hongo produjo un aumento en la proporción de vasos emboliza-
dos, de modo que a los 21 dÃas la conductividad hidráulica era solo un 20% de la conductividad máxima
en los clones susceptibles. Como consecuencia, el potencial hÃdrico y la fotosÃntesis disminuyeron entor-
no a un 100-200% en relación a los controles en los clones susceptibles mientras que no hubo reducciones
significativas en los resistentes. Además, los clones mostraron una composición quÃmica de sus ramas di-
ferente. Por ejemplo, en los árboles inoculados con agua utilizados como control, el pico de absorción en la región del espectro infrarrojo relacionado con la suberina fue más alto en los clones resistentes que en los susceptibles.Estos resultados sugieren que el perfil quÃmico más defensivo de los clones resistentes les permite mantener la funcionalidad fisiológica tras la inoculación con
O. novo-ulmi prácticamente inalterada, en comparación con los clones más susceptibles
Carbon balance in two resprouting species suffering from massive xylem embolism.
Descripción de los procesos de mortalidad de las plantas cuando son expuestas a sequÃa con especial énfasis en los procesos hidráulico
Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations on leaf carbon assimilation in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings under natural conditions
Limitations to diffusion and biochemical factors affecting leaf carbon uptake were analyzed in young beech seedlings (Fagus sylvtica L.) growing in natural gaps of a beech-wood at the southern limit of the species. Half of the seedlings received periodic watering in addition to natural rainfall to reduce the severity of the summer drought. Plant water status was evaluated by measuring predawn water potential. Basic biochemical parameters were inferred from chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis-CO2 curves (A-Cc) under saturating light. The curves were established on three dates during the summer months. The main variables studied included: stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gs and gm respectively), maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum electron transport capacity (Jmax). The gm was estimated by two methodologies: the curve-fitting and J constant methods. Seedlings withstood moderate water stress, as the leaf predawn water potential (Ψpd) measured during the study was within the range –0.2 to –0.5 MPa. Mild drought caused gs and gm to decrease only slightly in response to Ψpd. However both diffusional parameters explained most of the limitations to CO2 uptake. In addition, it should be highlighted that biochemical limitations, prompted by Vcmax and Jmax, were related mainly to ontogenic factors, without any clear relationship with drought under the moderate water stress experienced by beech seedlings through the study. The results may help to further understanding of the functional mechanisms influencing the carbon fixation capacity of beech seedlings under natural conditions.Peer reviewe
Xylem and soil CO2 fluxes in a Quercus pyrenaica Willd. coppice: Root respiration increases with clonal size
Xylem and soil CO2 fluxes in coppiced oak forests increase with clonal size suggesting larger expenditures of energy for root respiration. An imbalance between root demand and shoot production of carbohydrates may contribute to the degradation of abandoned coppices
Increased root investment can explain the higher survival of seedlings of ‘mesic’ Quercus suber than ‘xeric’ Quercus ilex in sandy soils during a summer drought
In Mediterranean-type ecosystems, drought is considered the main ecological filter for seedling establishment. The evergreen oaks Quercus ilex L. and Quercus suber L. are two of the most abundant tree species in the Mediterranean Basin. Despite their shared evergreen leaf habit and ability to resist low soil water potentials, traditionally it has been suggested that Q. ilex is better suited to resist dry conditions than Q. suber. In this study, we examined how seedlings of Q. ilex and Q. suber grown in sandy soils responded to different levels of water availability using natural dry conditions and supplemental watering. Specifically, we estimated survival and water status of seedlings and explored the role of acorn mass and belowground biomass in seedling performance. To our surprise, Q. suber was better able to survive the summer drought in our experiment than Q. ilex. Nearly 55% of the Q. suber seedlings remained alive after a 2-month period without rain or supplemental water, which represents almost 20% higher survival than Q. ilex over the same period. At the end of the dry period, the surviving seedlings of Q. suber had strikingly higher water potential, potential maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F-v/F-m) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) than those of Q. ilex. Acorn mass was associated with the probability of survival under dry conditions; however, it did not explain the differences in survival or water status between the species. In contrast, Q. suber had a higher root ratio and root: shoot ratio than Q. ilex and these traits were positively associated with predawn leaf water potential, F-v/F-m, g(s) and survival. Taken together, our results suggest that the higher relative investment in roots by Q. suber when growing in a sandy acidic substrate allowed this species to maintain better physiological status and overall condition than Q. ilex, increasing its probability of survival in dry conditions.Peer reviewe
Stem CO2 efflux and its contribution to ecosystem CO2 efflux decrease with drought in a Mediterranean forest stand
tThe rate of metabolic processes demanding energy in tree stems changes in relation with prevailing cli-matic conditions. Tree water availability can affect stem respiration through impacts on growth, phloemtransport or maintenance of diverse cellular processes, but little is known on this topic. Here we moni-tored seasonal changes in stem CO2efflux (Fs), radial growth, sap flow and non-structural carbohydrates intrees of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean forest stand subjected since 2003 to either partial (33%) through-fall exclusion (E) or unchanged throughfall (C). Fsincreased exponentially during the day by an effectof temperature, although sap flow attenuated the increase in Fsduring the day time. Over the year, Fsalso increased exponentially with increasing temperatures, but Fscomputed at a standard temperatureof 15?C (F15s) varied by almost 4-fold among dates. F15swas the highest after periods of stem growth anddecreased as tree water availability decreased, similarly in C and E treatments. The decline in F15swas notlinked to a depletion of soluble sugars, which increased when water stress was higher. The proportionof ecosystem respiration attributed to the stems was highest following stem growth (23.3%) and lowestduring the peak of drought (6.5%). High within-year variability in F15smakes unadvisable to pool annualdata of Fsvs. temperature to model Fsat short time scales (hours to months) in Mediterranean-type for-est ecosystems. We demonstrate that water availability is an important factor governing stem CO2effluxand suggest that trees in Mediterranean environments acclimate to seasonal drought by reducing stemrespiration. Stem respiratory rates do not seem to change after a long-term increase in drought intensity,however
Emisión de CO2 de troncos de varias especies arbóreas
La respiración del tronco es un proceso complejo; su regulación e implicaciones ecológicas están relativamente poco estudiadas. En este trabajo se ha cuantificado la velocidad de emisión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de los troncos de seis especies forestales al final de otoño, seleccionando individuos dominantes y suprimidos para su
comparación. Considerando la velocidad de emisión de CO
2 como un indicador aproximado de la respiración de mantenimiento, los resultados sugieren que los troncos de los árboles dominantes respiran más que los dominados porque tienen más cantidad de células vivas en la madera y la corteza interna o floema. Las especies difieren también en sus tasas de respiración. El melojo (Quercus pyre-
naica) es la especie cuyo tronco emite más CO2 (0,75 μmol CO
2 m-2 s-1) debido a que su madera tiene una elevada proporción de tejido vivo: parénquima radial y axial que le sirve de almacén de sustancias de reserva y nitrógeno, y que favorece su profusa capacidad de rebrote. Las hayas (
Fagus sylvatica) y los serbales (Sorbus aucuparia) emiten menos CO2: 0,28 y 0,22 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectivamente.
En el caso del haya la razón es la escasa actividad metabólica de sus células vivas, mientras que en el caso del serbal, la principal razón es la escasez de células vivas en la madera. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la relación de la respiración del tronco con ciertas caracterÃsticas ecológicas especÃficas, como la capacidad de rebrotar o la tolerancia a la sombra y la sequÃa