Prebiotic-like effects of berry polyphenols on the gut microbiota : akkermansia muciniphila and its molecular adaptation mechanisms to phenolics

Les liens entre le microbiote intestinal, la diète et les désordres métaboliques sont maintenant établis. Les polyphénols des petits fruits affectent les bactéries pathogènes dans le côlon, et stimulent les bactéries symbiotiques, particulièrement Akkermansia muciniphila chez l'homme et dans des modèles murins. Cette bactérie muciphile contribue à l'homéostasie intestinale et induit une réponse immunitaire et métabolique bénéfique chez l'hôte. Cependant, on comprend mal comment les polyphénols peuvent sélectivement l'affecter et l'analyse traditionnelle métagénomique obtenue d'études in vivo n'offre qu'une image partielle des mécanismes impliqués. Cette thèse vise à évaluer, par des approches in vivo et in vitro, comment les polyphénols modifient le microbiote intestinal, la morphologie de l'épithélium du colon, la niche écologique d'Akkermansia, et par extension affectent le métabolisme de souris soumises à une diète obésogène. Une attention particulière a été portée à l'effet de ces composés sur la croissance d'A. muciniphila et les mécanismes moléculaires qu'ils induisent chez la bactérie. Dans un premier chapitre, l'effet des poudres de fruits canneberge et de bleuets riches en polyphénols et leurs fractions fibreuses a été étudié chez des souris soumises à une diète obésogène (HFHS) pendant 8 semaines afin d'évaluer lesquels des polyphénols ou des fibres sont responsables de l'effet prébiotique observé. Cette étude a démontré que ce sont surtout les polyphénols contenus dans les poudres de canneberges et de bleuets entiers qui sont responsables de l'action prébiotique, notamment en stimulant A. muciniphila. En effet, la poudre de canneberge comme celle de bleuets inhibent particulièrement les pathogènes induits par la diète HFHS. En outre, l'analyse de redondance fonctionnelle a révélé que la consommation de poudre de canneberge riche en polyphénols permettait au microbiote de souris obèses de retrouver les fonctions de celui de souris maigres. Ces souris présentaient un poids et une efficacité énergétique inférieurs à celui des souris non traitées. De plus, d'autres bactéries symbiotiques étaient favorisées par les poudres de fruits entiers : Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella newyorkensis et Eggerthellaceae. Fait intéressant, les fibres de canneberge inhibaient également les pathogènes, favorisaient des bactéries dégradant les polyphénols et réduisaient les triglycérides hépatiques chez les souris obèses. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel des polyphénols, même lorsqu'ils sont associés aux fibres, à atténuer les désordres métaboliques. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à identifier les catégories de polyphénols impliquées dans l'accroissement du nombre de bactéries symbiotiques et particulièrement d'A. muciniphila. Les souris soumises à une diète obésogène ont été traitées avec un extrait de bleuet ou trois de leurs fractions polyphénoliques : F1, riches en anthocyanes et en acides phénoliques; F2, riche en oligomères de proanthocyanidines (PACs) ainsi qu'en flavonols; et F3 riches en polymères de PACs. Ces sous-fractions ont été administrées aux souris dans les mêmes concentrations que celles retrouvées dans l'extrait entier. Globalement, les fractions polyphénoliques ont restauré l'épaisseur de la couche de mucus, mais particulièrement les fractions riches en PACs ont significativement stimulé A. muciniphila, tout en améliorant la proportion de cellules caliciformes et le métabolisme du glucose chez les souris obèses. Enfin le dernier chapitre s'intéresse aux mécanismes par lesquels les polyphénols favorisent la croissance de A. muciniphila dans l'intestin. Des cultures d'A. muciniphila ont donc été effectuées dans des milieux enrichis en polyphénols afin d'évaluer les gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme cellulaire et dans la résistance aux antimicrobiens; les pompes à efflux non spécifiques, les polysaccharides capsulaires (CPS), les exopolysaccharides (EPS), les transporteurs de type ABC-2 et de resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) ont joué un rôle crucial dans la résistance et l'adaptation de la bactérie aux polyphénols. La croissance d'A. muciniphila n'a pas été inhibée par l'extrait de canneberge entier ni par ses fractions polyphénoliques, mais elle a été stimulée par l'urolithine-A. Cette expérience in vitro a démontré que les polymères de PACs favorisent davantage les mécanismes d'adaptation antimicrobienne impliqués dans la protection des parois cellulaires et la régulation énergétique chez Akkermansia. Parallèlement à l'urolithine-A, les polymères de PACs ont induit la production du CPS et du EPS chez A. muciniphila. Ces CPS/EPS pourraient contribuer aux rôles immunomodulateur et anti-obésité d'A. muciniphila et par conséquent constituer des postbiotiques prometteurs. Cette thèse démontre la sélectivité des polyphénols, principalement des PACs, dans l'inhibition des pathogènes associés à l'obésité et dévoile les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent leurs effets prébiotiques sur A. muciniphila.The link between gut microbiota, diet and metabolic diseases is now established. Polyphenols from berries and other dietary sources have been shown to inhibit opportunistic pathogens and stimulate symbiotic bacteria, particularly Akkermansia muciniphila in humans and animals. A. muciniphila is a mucus-living bacterium shown to contribute to the intestinal homeostasis and to drive beneficial immune and metabolic response in the host. However, it is not yet known how polyphenols can selectively affect A. muciniphila from in vivo studies, since regular metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota only provide a partial picture of the mechanisms involved. This thesis aims to determine, through in vivo and in vitro approaches, the prebiotic effect of polyphenols and how they affect the physiology and intestinal morphology and the ecological niche of Akkermansia in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Particularly, it focusses on the molecular capacity of A. muciniphila to induce defence mechanisms and adapt to distinct polyphenolic fractions. In the first chapter, in order to assess which constituent of berries was responsible for the prebiotic action, we compared the effect of the dietary supplementation with polyphenol-rich cranberry and blueberry fruit powders to their respective fibrous fractions (cell wall polysaccharides) of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) fed mice for 8-weeks. We demonstrated that the polyphenols from cranberry and blueberry fruit powders are mainly responsible for the selective prebiotic effects on A. muciniphila rather than their fibre-rich fractions. Both cranberry and blueberry whole fruit powders inhibited HFHS-induced pathobionts associated with obesity. A functional redundancy analysis revealed that the gut microbiota functions of obese mice were remarkably changed by polyphenol-rich whole cranberry powder, restoring it back to that observed in lean mice; that is, they presented lower body weight and energy efficiency as compared to untreated mice. Furthermore, other symbiotic bacteria were influenced by polyphenol-rich berry powders, notably Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and the polyphenol-degrading Eggerthellaceae; these mice presented a lower body weight and energy efficiency as compared to untreated mice. Surprisingly, cranberry fibrous fraction also inhibited pathobionts and promoted polyphenol-degrading families and reduced the hepatic triglycerides level in HFHS-fed mice. Altogether, these findings highlight the role of polyphenols associated with fibres, in attenuating obesity. The second chapter aimed to identity which polyphenolic category was mostly responsible for the prebiotic effect and the abundance of A. muciniphila. HFHS-fed mice were treated with a whole blueberry extract and with the three constitutive polyphenolic fractions: F1, rich in anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2, rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs) and flavonols, and F3 rich polymeric PACs. These sub-fractions were administered to mice at the same concentration as encountered in the whole extract. All in all, the polyphenolic fractions restored the mucus thickness, but the PAC-rich fractions besides stimulating A. muciniphila, increased the proportion of goblet cells and improved the glucose homeostasis in obese mice. Finally, the third chapter looks at the mechanisms by which polyphenols promote the growth of A. muciniphila. Growing assays of A. muciniphila were carried out in polyphenols enriched media in order to assess the expression of genes involved in cell metabolism and antimicrobial resistance. Genes coding for multidrug efflux pumps, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) family, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and ABC-2 type and resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporters were shown to play a crucial role in allowing the bacteria to withstand the different cranberry polyphenolic fractions and adapt to the stress they caused. A. muciniphila growth was not inhibited by the whole cranberry extract neither by its polyphenolic fractions, but enhanced by the phenolic metabolite urolithin-A. Moreover, we showed that the polymeric PACs were triggering most intensively the antimicrobial adaptation mechanisms involved in cell-wall protection and energy management in A. muciniphila. Both of these fractions up-regulated CPS and EPS in A. muciniphila. CPS/EPS secretion in presence of polyphenols might represent promising post-biotic products, possibly involved in the immune modulatory and anti-obesity potential by A. muciniphila. Altogether, this thesis demonstrates for one of the first times that berry polyphenols and their PAC-rich fractions are responsible for the prebiotic-like effect on A. muciniphila, and the inhibition of specific pathobionts associated with obesity and unveils the molecular mechanisms underpinning the resilience of this bacterium to phenolics

Diagnóstico financiero y análisis bursátil de la empresa Ecopetrol

En el siguiente trabajo, se realiza un análisis profundo de la situación financiera móvil, los indicadores necesarios para analizar y explicar el cálculo, así como la deuda como parte de este análisis; Sin embargo, debido a la importancia del Ecopetrol en Colombia, el origen, la evolución, el crecimiento, la generación de costos y otras cifras importantes que la compañía encontró y continuará encontrando en el futuro, porque esto es aquí como una economía mixta, el mayor accionista de Los accionistas son. El estado colombiano y, por lo tanto, es colombianos, debemos comprender cómo usar recursos y cómo usar sus recursos y estos aspectos se describirán en detalle en el trabajo a continuación. A cambio, Ecopetrol está relacionado con la Bolsa de Valores Colombianos, por lo que tiene una pequeña introducción al mercado financiero y mantiene el precio de las actividades en el mercado de valores.In the following work, a deep analysis of the mobile financial situation is carried out, the indicators necessary to analyze and explain the calculation, as well as the debt as part of this analysis; However, due to the importance of Ecopetrol in Colombia, the origin, evolution, growth, cost generation and other important figures that the company found and will continue to find in the future, because this is here as a mixed economy, the largest shareholder of The shareholders are. The Colombian state and therefore it is Colombians, we must understand how to use resources and how to use its resources and these aspects will be described in detail in the work below. In exchange, Ecopetrol is related to the Colombian Stock Exchange, so it has a small introduction to the financial market and maintains the price of activities in the stock market

Diagnóstico financiero y análisis bursátil de la empresa Ecopetrol

En el siguiente trabajo presenta un análisis de la situación financiera de Ecopetrol S.A, a partir de los indicadores necesarios para determinar el origen, la evolución, el crecimiento, la generación de costos y otras cifras importantes para el correcto funcionamiento de la compañía a corto, mediano y largo plazo. La importancia de esta compañía radica en el impacto que tiene para el Estado colombiano, puesto que las acciones son parte de un modelo de economía mixta, donde participa el sector público y privado. Es fundamental reconocer la forma en que se distribuyen estos recursos y su impacto en el desarrollo local, nacional y regional, puesto que, cotiza sus acciones en el mercado internacional a través de la bolsa de valores.The following paper presents an analysis of the financial situation of Ecopetrol S.A., based on the indicators necessary to determine the origin, evolution, growth, cost generation and other important figures for the proper functioning of the company in the short, medium and long term. The importance of this company lies in the impact it has for the Colombian State, since the shares are part of a mixed economy model, where the public and private sectors participate. It is essential to recognize the way in which these resources are distributed and their impact on local, national and regional development, since its shares are listed on the international market through the stock exchange

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia

Polyphenols as Drivers of a Homeostatic Gut Microecology and Immuno-Metabolic Traits of Akkermansia muciniphila : From Mouse to Man

Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucosal symbiont considered a gut microbial marker in healthy individuals, as its relative abundance is significantly reduced in subjects with gut inflammation and metabolic disturbances. Dietary polyphenols can distinctly stimulate the relative abundance of A. muciniphila, contributing to the attenuation of several diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, and liver damage. However, mechanistic insight into how polyphenols stimulate A. muciniphila or its activity is limited. This review focuses on dietary interventions in rodents and humans and in vitro studies using different phenolic classes. We provide critical insights with respect to potential mechanisms explaining the effects of polyphenols affecting A. muciniphila. Anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavanones, stilbenes, and phenolic acids are shown to increase relative A. muciniphila levels in vivo, whereas lignans exert the opposite effect. Clinical trials show consistent findings, and high intervariability relying on the gut microbiota composition at the baseline and the presence of multiple polyphenol degraders appear to be cardinal determinants in inducing A. muciniphila and associated benefits by polyphenol intake. Polyphenols signal to the AhR receptor and impact the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in a direct and indirect fashion, resulting in the restoration of intestinal epithelial integrity and homeostatic crosstalk with the gut microbiota by affecting IL-22 production. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that A. muciniphila participates in the initial hydrolysis of some polyphenols but does not participate in their complete metabolism. In conclusion, the consumption of polyphenol-rich foods targeting A. muciniphila as a pivotal intermediary represents a promising precision nutritional therapy to prevent and attenuate metabolic and inflammatory diseases.Peer reviewe

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population