Burnout between intensive care physicians or the Burnout society

Physicians who work in critical care units are prone to emotional exhaustion, manifestations o f d e p e r s o n a l i z a t i o n , a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l dissatisfaction. These three manifestations make up what has been identified as burnout, and are a cause for growing concern. In this article, the authors review the available literature on burnout among intensive care physicians, but discuss it from a perspective that includes burnout as a broader manifestation, related to the exaltation of performance and the subsumption of life to capital, understanding this phenomenon as related to the society of burnout. The authors also discuss initiatives to combat burnout from the perspective of an expanded view of the concept of biopolitics, especially psychopoliticsOs médicos que atuam em unidades críticas são propensos a exaustão emocional, manifestações de despersonalização e insatisfação profissional. Essas três manifestações compõem o que foi identificado como burnout e são motivo de crescente preocupação. Neste artigo, os autores revisam a literatura disponível sobre o burnout entre os médicos intensivistas, mas discutem-no sob uma ótica que inclui o problema em uma manifestação mais ampla, relacionada ao culto do desempenho e à subsunção da vida ao capital, entendendo esse fenômeno como relacionado com a sociedade do burnout. Também se discutem iniciativas para combater esse quadro na perspectiva de uma visão ampliada do conceito de biopolítica, especialmente a psicopolítica

A CONSOLIDAÇÃO HISTÓRICA DO PRINCÍPIO DA LAICIDADE

Church and State: now united, now separate, what is the ideal model? For a long time, religion occupied a central position in the public space, covering moral, cultural and political values. Especially after modernity, religion gave way to reason and started to be treated exclusively in private spaces (family, Church) and in an interpersonal way, spreading such a view to different countries in the West. Searching for answers to this question requires a journey through history, since the way in which the principle of secularity is currently understood is the result of a process of consolidation, whose maturity only took place after the rupture and creation of new legal systems, the elaboration of treaties as a result of wars, the affirmation of fundamental rights and marked political and religious movements.Igreja e Estado: ora unidos, ora separados, qual é o modelo ideal? Durante muito tempo a religião ocupou uma posição de centralidade no espaço público, revestindo os valores morais, culturais e políticos. Especialmente a partir da modernidade, a religião deu lugar à razão e passou a ser tratada exclusivamente em espaços privados, difundindo-se tal visão por diferentes países do Ocidente. Procurar respostas para essa pergunta exige um percurso na história, posto que a forma como atualmente se entende o princípio da laicidade é resultado de um processo de consolidação, cujo amadurecimento só aconteceu após a ruptura e a criação de novos sistemas jurídicos, a elaboração de tratados internacionais, a positivação de direitos fundamentais e marcantes movimentos políticos e religiosos

Is SAPS 3 better than APACHE II at predicting mortality in critically ill transplant patients?

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the accuracy of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 with that of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II at predicting hospital mortality in patients from a transplant intensive care unit. METHOD: A total of 501 patients were enrolled in the study (152 liver transplants, 271 kidney transplants, 54 lung transplants, 24 kidney-pancreas transplants) between May 2006 and January 2007. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 was calculated using the global equation (customized for South America) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; the scores were calculated within 24 hours of admission. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was generated, and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was calculated to identify the patients at the greatest risk of death according to Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used for statistically significant results and indicated a difference in performance over deciles. The standardized mortality ratio was used to estimate the overall model performance. RESULTS: The ability of both scores to predict hospital mortality was poor in the liver and renal transplant groups and average in the lung transplant group (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.696 for Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and 0.670 for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II). The calibration of both scores was poor, even after customizing the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 score for South America. CONCLUSIONS: The low predictive accuracy of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores does not warrant the use of these scores in critically ill transplant patients

Neutrophil apoptosis: a marker of disease severity in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Apoptosis of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) may limit inflammatory injury in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the relationship between the severity of sepsis and extent of PMN apoptosis and the effect of superimposed ARDS is unknown. The objective of this study was to correlate neutrophil apoptosis with the severity of sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in intensive care units of three tertiary hospitals in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Fifty-seven patients with sepsis (uncomplicated sepsis, septic shock, and sepsis-induced ARDS) and 64 controls were enrolled. Venous peripheral blood was collected from patients with sepsis within 24 hours of diagnosis. All surgical groups, including controls, had their blood drawn 24 hours after surgery. Control patients on mechanical ventilation had blood collected within 24 hours of initiation of mechanical ventilation. Healthy controls were blood donors. Neutrophils were isolated, and incubated ex vivo, and apoptosis was determined by light microscopy on cytospun preparations. The differences among groups were assessed by analysis of variance with Tukeys. RESULTS: In medical patients, the mean percentage of neutrophil apoptosis (± standard error of the mean [SEM]) was lower in sepsis-induced ARDS (28% ± 3.3%; n = 9) when compared with uncomplicated sepsis (57% ± 3.2%; n = 8; p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation without infection, sepsis, or ARDS (53% ± 3.0%; n = 11; p < 0.001) and healthy controls (69% ± 1.1%; n = 33; p < 0.001) but did not differ from septic shock (38% ± 3.7%; n = 12; p = 0.13). In surgical patients with sepsis, the percentage of neutrophil apoptosis was lower for all groups when compared with surgical controls (52% ± 3.6%; n = 11; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In medical patients with sepsis, neutrophil apoptosis is inversely proportional to the severity of sepsis and thus may be a marker of the severity of sepsis in this population

Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae From Transplanted Patients in Brazil: Phylogeny, Resistome, Virulome and Mobile Genetic Elements Harboring blaKPC-2 or blaNDM-1.

Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) is a major cause of infections in transplanted patients and has been associated with high mortality rates in this group. There is a lack of information about the Brazilian structure population of CP-Kp isolated from transplanted patients. By whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we analyzed phylogeny, resistome, virulome of CP-Kp isolates, and the structure of plasmids encoding blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 genes. One K. pneumoniae isolated from each selected transplanted patient colonized or infected by CP-Kp over a 16-month period in a hospital complex in Porto Alegre (Brazil) was submitted for WGS. The total number of strains sequenced was 80. The hospital complex in Porto Alegre comprised seven different hospitals. High-resolution SNP typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), resistance and virulence genes inference, and plasmid reconstruction were performed in 80 CP-Kp. The mortality rate of CP-Kp colonized or infected transplanted inpatients was 21.3% (17/80). Four CP-Kp epidemic clones were described: ST11/KPC-2, ST16/KPC-2, and ST15/NDM-1, all responsible for interhospital outbreaks; and ST437/KPC-2 affecting a single hospital. The average number of acquired resistance and virulence genes was 9 (range = 2-14) and 27 (range = 6-36), respectively. Two plasmids carrying the blaKPC-2 were constructed and belonged to IncN and IncM types. Additionally, an IncFIB plasmid carrying the blaNDM-1 was described. We detected intrahospital and interhospital spread of mobile structures and international K. pneumoniae clones as ST11, ST16, and ST15 among transplanted patients, which carry a significant range of acquired resistance and virulence genes and keep spreading across the world.This work was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, and Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16CIII/0004/0002), and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund ERDF “A way to achieve Europe,” Operative Program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020. This work was also supported in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.S

Brain death-induced cytokine release is not associated with primary graft dysfunction : a cohort study

Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre os níveis de citocinas no plasma do doador e o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto de órgãos transplantados a partir de doadores falecidos. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo de forma prospectiva 17 doadores falecidos e os respectivos 47 pacientes receptores de transplante. Os receptores foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1, de pacientes que desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto, e grupo 2, de pacientes que não desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto. Os níveis de TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, e IFN-γ, avaliados por meio de ELISA, foram comparados entre os grupos. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 69 órgãos, sendo realizados 48 transplantes. Os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas nos doadores não diferiram entre os grupos (em pg/mL): TNF no grupo 1, com 10,8 (4,3 - 30,8) versus no grupo 2, com 8,7 (4,1 - 33,1), com valor de p = 0,63; IL-6 no grupo 1: 1.617,8 (106,7 - 5.361,7) versus no grupo 2: 922,9 (161,7 - 5.361,7), com p = 0,56; IL-1β, no grupo 1: 0,1 (0,1 - 126,1) versus no grupo 2: 0,1 (0,1 - 243,6), com p = 0,60; e IFN-γ, no grupo 1: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,2) versus no grupo 2: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,1), p = 0,93). Obtivemos resultados similares ao examinar separadamente os casos de transplante renal. Conclusão: Nesta amostra de receptores de transplante, os níveis plasmáticos das citocinas TNF, IL-6, IL-1β e IFN-γ nos doadores não se associaram com o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto.Objective: To examine the association between donor plasma cytokine levels and the development of primary graft dysfunction of organs transplanted from deceased donors. Methods: Seventeen deceased donors and the respective 47 transplant recipients were prospectively included in the study. Recipients were divided into two groups: group 1, patients who developed primary graft dysfunction; and group 2, patients who did not develop primary graft dysfunction. Donor plasma levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ assessed by ELISA were compared between groups. Results: Sixty-nine organs were retrieved, and 48 transplants were performed. Donor plasma cytokine levels did not differ between groups (in pg/mL): TNF, group 1: 10.8 (4.3 - 30.8) versus group 2: 8.7 (4.1 - 33.1), p = 0.63; IL-6, group 1: 1617.8 (106.7 - 5361.7) versus group 2: 922.9 (161.7 - 5361.7), p = 0.56; IL-1β, group 1: 0.1 (0.1 - 126.1) versus group 2: 0.1 (0.1 - 243.6), p = 0.60; and IFN-γ, group 1: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.2) versus group 2: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.1), p = 0.93). Similar findings were obtained when kidney transplants were analyzed separately. Conclusion: In this sample of transplant recipients, deceased donor plasma cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were not associated with the development of primary graft dysfunction

A enfermagem brasileira pede socorro

This essay aims to reflect and increment the dissemination of the current panorama of Brazilian Nursing with a view to sensitizing society, organs, entities and the professional category. This essay was developed through the analysis of articles and legal documents selected at random in the research platforms in order to theoretically support the results discussed here. After years of struggle without significant advances, the passivity of the professionals certainly needs to be reduced and contradicted by the conceptions of charitable and subservient Nursing. Thus, the subjects involved must actively and emancipating assume the responsibility to fight in defense of the profession and all those who benefit from it. It is suggested that Brazilian Nursing intensify the political-participatory position in claiming movements and occupy decision-making spaces to fight for the category. In this way, the profession will be strengthened and, consequently, will culminate in its valorization and better working conditions, positively implying in the assistance actions.Este ensayo tiene como objetivo reflexionar e incrementar la difusión del panorama actual de la Enfermería brasileña con miras a sensibilizar a la sociedad, órganos, entidades y categoría profesional. Este ensayo fue desarrollado a través del análisis de artículos y documentos legales seleccionados de forma aleatoria en las plataformas de investigación con el fin de respaldar teóricamente los resultados discutidos. Después de años de lucha sin un éxito significativo, la pasividad de los profesionales ciertamente debe reducirse y contradecirse con las concepciones de Enfermería caritativa y servil. Por lo tanto, los sujetos involucrados deben asumir de manera activa y emancipadora la responsabilidad de luchar en defensa de la profesión y de todos los que se benefician de ella. Además, se sugiere que la Enfermería brasileña intensifique la posición político-participativa en movimientos de reclamo y ocupen espacios de toma de decisiones para luchar por la categoría. Por lo tanto, habrá un fortalecimiento de la profesión que, en consecuencia, culminará en su valorización y mejores condiciones laborales, lo que implica positivamente en las acciones de asistencia.O presente ensaio visa refletir e incrementar a divulgação sobre o atual panorama da Enfermagem brasileira com vistas à sensibilização da sociedade, órgãos, entidades e categoria profissional. O presente ensaio foi desenvolvido por meio de análise de artigos e documentos legais selecionados de forma aleatória nas plataformas de pesquisa no intuito de sustentar teoricamente os resultados aqui discutidos. Após anos de lutas sem avanços significativos, certamente a passividade dos profissionais precisa ser reduzida e contrapor às concepções de uma Enfermagem caridosa e subserviente. Desta forma, os sujeitos envolvidos devem assumir de forma ativa e emancipatória a responsabilidade de lutar em defesa da profissão e de todos que dela se beneficiam. Sugere-se que a Enfermagem brasileira intensifique a posição político-participativa em movimentos reivindicatórios e ocupem os espaços de tomada de decisões para lutarem pela categoria. Desse modo, ocorrerá o fortalecimento da profissão que, consequentemente, culminará na sua valorização e melhores condições de trabalho, implicando de forma positiva nas ações assistenciais