Efeitos da liberação miofascial na flexibilidade de mulheres adultas, praticantes de ginástica localizada no Sesc Campinas / Myofascial release effects on the flexibility of adult women who practice localized gymnastics at Sesc Campinas

Este trabalho é uma busca de conhecimento e experiência na conclusão do estágio em Educação Física, na Atividade Desenvolvimento Físico-Esportivo, ocorrido nas Unidades Executivas/Operacionais do Sesc (Serviço Social do Comércio) – Departamento Regional em Goiás: Sesc Cidadania (2015) e Sesc Campinas (2016) na cidade de Goiânia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos da Liberação Miofascial (LM) sobre a flexibilidade de mulheres adultas praticantes de ginástica localizada, analisar a efetividade desta técnica nas aulas como ferramenta metodológica para a melhoria do desempenho físico. Foi traçado perfil de grupo desejado por meio de informações coletadas no Programa de Avaliação Físico-Funcional e no Módulo de Atividades – Central de Atendimentos e pela realização do teste “Sentar-e-Alcançar” pré e pós-intervenção com a técnica de Liberação Miofascial. Fizeram parte da pesquisa 13 alunas de Ginástica Localizada do Sesc de Campinas, com idade média de 46 anos, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, ambos realizaram os mesmos testes de flexibilidade e aplicação da técnica de LM por cinco sessões. Para análise de classificação dos níveis de flexibilidade utilizou-se das Diretrizes do Colégio Americano do Esporte (ACSM) 7ª edição, 2007. Os resultados indicaram mudança significativa. A técnica de LM influenciou positivamente no desempenho físico dos indivíduos

Influência da inoculação de <i>Fusarium</i> spp. e níveis de sombreamento no crescimento e desenvolvimento da erva-mate

The erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the mate or "chimarrão", the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The erva-mate is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels

Influência da inoculação de Fusarium spp. e níveis de sombreamento no crescimento e desenvolvimento da erva-mate

The “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the “mate” or “chimarrão”, the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The “erva-mate” is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels.A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) é uma espécie amplamente cultivada no sul do Brasil e países vizinhos. Suas folhas e galhos finos, preparados segundo método apropriado, fornecem o mate ou chimarrão, o mais popular chá consumido no Brasil e exportado para todo o mundo. Com o aumento da área plantada, sobretudo na última década, os problemas fitossanitários causados por pragas e doenças aumentaram e, dentre estes, a podridão-de-raízes vem se tornando um dos principais. A doença é causada por Fusarium spp. e provoca sérios danos decorrentes da destruição do sistema radicular, ocasionando, nos casos mais graves, morte da planta. A erva-mate é uma espécie que habita o sub-bosque da mata e o cultivo de forma homogênea a pleno sol pode ser um fator estressante ocasionando menor crescimento e desenvolvimento e também torná-la mais susceptível à podridão-de-raízes. Assim, foram instalados experimentos na área do Viveiro Florestal pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com o objetivo de confirmar tais hipóteses. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um esquema fatorial (2 x 5), composto pela inoculação de Fusarium spp. e por níveis de sombreamento. Foi observado que plantas submetidas aos menores níveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol tiveram seu desenvolvimento prejudicado e ficaram mais suscetíveis à doença. As plantas inoculadas com Fusarium spp. tiveram menor desenvolvimento em comparação com as não inoculadas, especialmente nos menores níveis de sombreamento

Influence of Fusarium spp. Inoculation and shading levels in the erva-mate growth and development

A erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) \ue9 uma esp\ue9cie amplamente cultivada no sul do Brasil e pa\uedses vizinhos. Suas folhas e galhos finos, preparados segundo m\ue9todo apropriado, fornecem o mate ou chimarr\ue3o, o mais popular ch\ue1 consumido no Brasil e exportado para todo o mundo. Com o aumento da \ue1rea plantada, sobretudo na \ufaltima d\ue9cada, os problemas fitossanit\ue1rios causados por pragas e doen\ue7as aumentaram e, dentre estes, a podrid\ue3o-de-ra\uedzes vem se tornando um dos principais. A doen\ue7a \ue9 causada por Fusarium spp. e provoca s\ue9rios danos decorrentes da destrui\ue7\ue3o do sistema radicular, ocasionando, nos casos mais graves, morte da planta. A erva-mate \ue9 uma esp\ue9cie que habita o sub-bosque da mata e o cultivo de forma homog\ueanea a pleno sol pode ser um fator estressante ocasionando menor crescimento e desenvolvimento e tamb\ue9m torn\ue1-la mais suscept\uedvel \ue0 podrid\ue3o-de-ra\uedzes. Assim, foram instalados experimentos na \ue1rea do Viveiro Florestal pertencente ao Departamento de Ci\ueancias Florestais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com o objetivo de confirmar tais hip\uf3teses. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um esquema fatorial (2 x 5), composto pela inocula\ue7\ue3o de Fusarium spp. e por n\uedveis de sombreamento. Foi observado que plantas submetidas aos menores n\uedveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol tiveram seu desenvolvimento prejudicado e ficaram mais suscet\uedveis \ue0 doen\ue7a. As plantas inoculadas com Fusarium spp. tiveram menor desenvolvimento em compara\ue7\ue3o com as n\ue3o inoculadas, especialmente nos menores n\uedveis de sombreamento.The erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the mate or \u201cchimarr\ue3o\u201d, the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The erva-mate is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels

Revisão sistemática: conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde acerca da violência obstétrica

Introdução: A violência obstétrica acomete diariamente no mundo muitas mulheres durante o ciclo gravídico-puerperal: pré-natal, parto, pós-parto e no atendimento ao aborto. Diversas são as causas que explicam o atual cenário, dentre elas, o conhecimento limitado dos profissionais de saúde acerca da temática, perpetuando e propagando práticas abusivas sem evidências científicas. Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre violência obstétrica através de uma revisão sistemática. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática realizada na base de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Google Acadêmico a partir de 16 artigos publicados entre 2018 e 2023. Resultados: Os artigos trazem a ótica de médicos, enfermeiros, auxiliares de enfermagem, psicólogos, fisioterapeutas, fonoaudiólogos, assistentes sociais, médicos residentes em ginecologia e obstetrícia, residentes em enfermagem obstétrica e estudantes da área da saúde (medicina e enfermagem). Evidenciou-se que a maioria dos profissionais soube descrever violência obstétrica. No entanto, também foram evidenciados alguns profissionais, dentre eles, enfermeiros, fisioterapeutas e estudantes de medicina que desconheciam o termo ou tinham um conhecimento limitado sobre o tema, não entendendo todas as nuances que envolvem o mesmo. Conclusão: Ainda há profissionais com o conhecimento insuficiente quanto ao tema, mostrando a necessidade de mais discussões e debates, assim como de trabalhos científicos que fomentem o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde de hoje e das próximas gerações, em busca de mudanças

O uso do corticoide na sepse e no choque séptico: revisão sistemática

Introdução: A sepse e o choque séptico são condições com alta incidência em todo mundo e no Brasil. Logo, geram um grande impacto econômico, social e de mortalidade, o que levou a realizarem diversos estudos com o intuito de potencializar o tratamento já existente, inclusive a complementação com corticoide pelo seu grande poder anti-inflamatório e imunossupressor e por já ser utilizado com bons resultados em outras doenças de fisiopatogênese semelhante. Objetivo: Pesquisar o emprego dos corticóides no tratamento da sepse e no choque séptico através de revisão sistemática. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática realizada na base de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) a partir de 15 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2018 e 2022. Resultados: Mediante a análise dos artigos surgiram como abordagens: se deve indicar o uso do corticoide, qual o tipo, em que dosagem e quando. A respeito da indicação, mesmo com muitas ambiguidades, se indica o uso na sepse e no choque séptico, o mais utilizado e indicado nos estudos foi a hidrocortisona, em baixas doses por um período maior de tempo e iniciando de maneira precoce. Conclusão: Apesar da maioria dos artigos indicar o uso do corticoide na sepse e no choque séptico, ainda há muitos conflitos em relação a essa utilização, sendo assim, é essencial realizações de mais estudos com a finalidade de prescrições com maior segurança e qualidade nessas situações

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation

Influence of Fusarium spp. Inoculation and shading levels in the erva-mate growth and development

A erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) é uma espécie amplamente cultivada no sul do Brasil e países vizinhos. Suas folhas e galhos finos, preparados segundo método apropriado, fornecem o mate ou chimarrão, o mais popular chá consumido no Brasil e exportado para todo o mundo. Com o aumento da área plantada, sobretudo na última década, os problemas fitossanitários causados por pragas e doenças aumentaram e, dentre estes, a podridão-de-raízes vem se tornando um dos principais. A doença é causada por Fusarium spp. e provoca sérios danos decorrentes da destruição do sistema radicular, ocasionando, nos casos mais graves, morte da planta. A erva-mate é uma espécie que habita o sub-bosque da mata e o cultivo de forma homogênea a pleno sol pode ser um fator estressante ocasionando menor crescimento e desenvolvimento e também torná-la mais susceptível à podridão-de-raízes. Assim, foram instalados experimentos na área do Viveiro Florestal pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com o objetivo de confirmar tais hipóteses. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um esquema fatorial (2 x 5), composto pela inoculação de Fusarium spp. e por níveis de sombreamento. Foi observado que plantas submetidas aos menores níveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol tiveram seu desenvolvimento prejudicado e ficaram mais suscetíveis à doença. As plantas inoculadas com Fusarium spp. tiveram menor desenvolvimento em comparação com as não inoculadas, especialmente nos menores níveis de sombreamento.The erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the mate or “chimarrão”, the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The erva-mate is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels

Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani inoculation and shading levels in the erva-mate: severity influence of the root-rot

A erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill) é uma espécie amplamente cultivada na Região Sul do Brasil. Com o aumento da área plantada, sobretudo na última década, os problemas fitossanitários causados por pragas e doenças aumentaram e, dentre estes, a podridão-de-raízes vem se tornando um dos principais. Dentre os patógenos causadores dessa doença, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. e Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc são os principais. Esses fungos provocam sérios danos decorrentes da destruição do sistema radicular, ocasionando, nos casos mais graves, a morte da planta. Suspeita-se que a incidência e a severidade da doença são influenciadas pelo cultivo de ervais em diferentes níveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol. Assim, foram instalados experimentos na área do Viveiro Florestal pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais/CCR/UFSM com o objetivo de confirmar tal hipótese. O experimento foi conduzido em um esquema fatorial (2 x 5), composto pela inoculação de Fusarium oxysporum e Fusarium solani e por níveis de sombreamento. Verificou-se que as plantas submetidas aos menores níveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol ficaram predispostas à doença.Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill is a broadly cultivated species in the South of Brazil. With the increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, fitosanitary problems caused by pest and diseases have increased in this crop, and the root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. Among the pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. and Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc are the main ones. These fungi provoke severe damages resulting in the destruction of the root system and, in the most serious cases, they cause the death of the plant. It is suspected that the incidence and severity of disease are influenced by cultivation of Ilex paraguariensis in different levels of shading or full sun. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department/CCR/UFSM with the objective of confirming this assumption. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that the plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had their predisposed to the disease