Catálogo de los braquiópodos españoles del Jurásico inferior depositados en el Museo Geominero (ITGE, Madrid)

Se revisan desde el punto de vista taxonómico y bioestratigráfico los braquiópodos españoles del Jurásico Inferior que constituyen la colección del Museo Geominero. La colección está compuesta por 1102 ejemplares procedentes de 98 localidades diferentes repartidas fundamentalmente por el sector nororiental de la Península Ibérica. Se han identificado 23 géneros (10 de rinconélidos, 3 de espiriféridos y 10 de terebratúlidos) y 59 especies (24 de rinconélidos, 5 de espiriféridos y 30 de terebratúlidos)

Factores que controlan la variabilidad morfológica de Pediastrum tetras bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales

Morphological variability and plasticity in phytoplankton populations are important for taxonomy, systematic, and evolutionary studies and are key characteristics for ecological plankton processes. The green algae Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs was studied to describe the variation in its population size structure and its response to changes in biotic (presence of Daphnia magna (Straus) and its info-chemicals) and abiotic factors (nutrient concentration). The results indicated that the nutrient supply could affect the coenobium population structure (diminishing the most common coenobium, the 8-celled one). D. magna significantly reduced P. tetras population density, because depredation affected it by significantly decreasing the biggest coenobium's density. In addition, info-chemicals induced a lower increase of the biggest coenobium when compared to the controls (rate of change was 45 % lower than in control cultures). Our study suggests that P. tetras coenobium size is subjected to a possible compromise (trade-off) in their natural environment: P. tetras population would tend to increase their size for a better use of nutrients and to decrease it when big herbivores are present.La plasticidad y variabilidad morfológica en poblaciones de fitoplancton son importantes para estudios de taxonomía, sistemática y evolución y son características clave para procesos ecológicos del plancton. Se ha estudiado el alga verde Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs para describir la variación en la estructura de tamaños de la población y su respuesta frente a factores bióticos (presencia de Daphnia magna (Straus) y sus info-químicos) y abióticos (concentración de nutrientes). Los resultados indicaron que el suministro de nutrientes podría afectar la estructura de los cenobios de la población (disminuyendo el cenobio más común, el de 8 células). D. magna redujo significativamente la densidad de la población de P. tetras ya que la depredación le afectaba disminuyendo significativamente la densidad de los cenobios más grandes. Además, los info-químicos indujeron un menor incremento de los cenobios más grandes comparados con el control (la tasa de cambio fue un 45 % menor que en los cultivos control). Nuestro estudio sugiere que el tamaño del cenobio de P. tetras está sometido a un posible compromiso (trade-off) en su medio natural: la población de P. tetras tendería a incrementar su tamaño para una mejor asimilación de los nutrientes y a disminuirlo cuando grandes herbívoros están presentes

Advances on the Implementation of Circular Economy Techniques in Rural Areas in Colombia under a Sustainable Development Framework

[EN] For the first time in the scientific literature, this research shows an analysis of the implementation of circular economy techniques under sustainable development framework in six municipalities with a depressed economy in Colombia. The analysis is based on solid waste data production at a local scale, the valuation of the waste for subsequent recycling, and the identification and quantification of the variables associated with the treatment and final disposal of waste, in accordance with the Colombian regulatory framework. Waste generation data are obtained considering three different scenarios, in which a comparison between the simulated values and those established in the management plans are compared. Important differences have been identified between the waste management programs of each municipality, specifically regarding the components of waste collection, transportation and disposal, participation of environmental reclaimers, and potential use of materials. These differences are fundamentally associated with the different administrative processes considered for each individual municipality. This research is a good starting point for the development of waste management models based on circular economy techniques, through the subsequent implementation of an office tool in depressed regions such as those studied.Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Vargas-Terranova, C.; Rodrigo-Clavero, M.; Bustos-Castro, P. (2021). Advances on the Implementation of Circular Economy Techniques in Rural Areas in Colombia under a Sustainable Development Framework. Sustainability. 13(7):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073816S121137J. Padilla, A., & Trujillo, J. C. (2018). Waste disposal and households’ heterogeneity. Identifying factors shaping attitudes towards source-separated recycling in Bogotá, Colombia. Waste Management, 74, 16-33. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.052Valenzuela‐Levi, N. (2020). Waste Political Settlements in Colombia and Chile: Power, Inequality and Informality in Recycling. Development and Change, 51(4), 1098-1122. doi:10.1111/dech.12591Borowski, P. F. (2021). Innovation strategy on the example of companies using bamboo. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1). doi:10.1186/s13731-020-00144-2Khandelwal, H., Dhar, H., Thalla, A. K., & Kumar, S. (2019). Application of life cycle assessment in municipal solid waste management: A worldwide critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 630-654. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.233Turcott Cervantes, D. E., López Martínez, A., Cuartas Hernández, M., & Lobo García de Cortázar, A. (2018). Using indicators as a tool to evaluate municipal solid waste management: A critical review. Waste Management, 80, 51-63. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.046Zhang, D. Q., Tan, S. K., & Gersberg, R. M. (2010). Municipal solid waste management in China: Status, problems and challenges. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(8), 1623-1633. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.012Kuehr, R. (2007). Towards a sustainable society: United Nations University’s Zero Emissions Approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(13-14), 1198-1204. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.07.020Wagner, T., & Arnold, P. (2008). A new model for solid waste management: an analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(4), 410-421. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.016Margallo, M., Ziegler-Rodriguez, K., Vázquez-Rowe, I., Aldaco, R., Irabien, Á., & Kahhat, R. (2019). Enhancing waste management strategies in Latin America under a holistic environmental assessment perspective: A review for policy support. Science of The Total Environment, 689, 1255-1275. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.393Cobo, S., Dominguez-Ramos, A., & Irabien, A. (2018). From linear to circular integrated waste management systems: A review of methodological approaches. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 279-295. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.003Arena, U., & Di Gregorio, F. (2014). A waste management planning based on substance flow analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 85, 54-66. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.05.008Żelaziński, T. (2021). Properties of Biocomposites from Rapeseed Meal, Fruit Pomace and Microcrystalline Cellulose Made by Press Pressing: Mechanical and Physicochemical Characteristics. Materials, 14(4), 890. doi:10.3390/ma14040890Laurent, A., Bakas, I., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Niero, M., Gentil, E., … Christensen, T. H. (2014). Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems – Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives. Waste Management, 34(3), 573-588. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.045Ferronato, N., Rada, E. C., Gorritty Portillo, M. A., Cioca, L. I., Ragazzi, M., & Torretta, V. (2019). Introduction of the circular economy within developing regions: A comparative analysis of advantages and opportunities for waste valorization. Journal of Environmental Management, 230, 366-378. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.095Vaccari, M., Torretta, V., & Collivignarelli, C. (2012). Effect of Improving Environmental Sustainability in Developing Countries by Upgrading Solid Waste Management Techniques: A Case Study. Sustainability, 4(11), 2852-2861. doi:10.3390/su4112852Zurbrügg, C., Caniato, M., & Vaccari, M. (2014). How Assessment Methods Can Support Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries—A Critical Review. Sustainability, 6(2), 545-570. doi:10.3390/su6020545Borowski, P. F. (2017). Environmental pollution as a threats to the ecology and development in Guinea Conakry. Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 28(4), 27-32. doi:10.1515/oszn-2017-0026Vaccari, M., Tudor, T., & Vinti, G. (2019). Characteristics of leachate from landfills and dumpsites in Asia, Africa and Latin America: an overview. Waste Management, 95, 416-431. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.032Idowu, I. A., Atherton, W., Hashim, K., Kot, P., Alkhaddar, R., Alo, B. I., & Shaw, A. (2019). An analyses of the status of landfill classification systems in developing countries: Sub Saharan Africa landfill experiences. Waste Management, 87, 761-771. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.011Wang, F., Cheng, Z., Reisner, A., & Liu, Y. (2018). Compliance with household solid waste management in rural villages in developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202, 293-298. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.135De S. Pereira, T., & Fernandino, G. (2019). Evaluation of solid waste management sustainability of a coastal municipality from northeastern Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 179, 104839. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104839Costa, I. M., & Ferreira Dias, M. (2020). Evolution on the solid urban waste management in Brazil: A portrait of the Northeast Region. Energy Reports, 6, 878-884. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.033Manfredi, S., & Christensen, T. H. (2009). Environmental assessment of solid waste landfilling technologies by means of LCA-modeling. Waste Management, 29(1), 32-43. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.021Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., & Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), 220-232. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008Botello-Álvarez, J. E., Rivas-García, P., Fausto-Castro, L., Estrada-Baltazar, A., & Gomez-Gonzalez, R. (2018). Informal collection, recycling and export of valuable waste as transcendent factor in the municipal solid waste management: A Latin-American reality. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 485-495. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.065Aparcana, S. (2017). Approaches to formalization of the informal waste sector into municipal solid waste management systems in low- and middle-income countries: Review of barriers and success factors. Waste Management, 61, 593-607. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.028Wilson, D. C., Rodic, L., Scheinberg, A., Velis, C. A., & Alabaster, G. (2012). Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 30(3), 237-254. doi:10.1177/0734242x12437569Medina, M. (2000). Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 31(1), 51-69. doi:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9Wilson, D. C., Velis, C., & Cheeseman, C. (2006). Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries. Habitat International, 30(4), 797-808. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.005Gutberlet, J. (2015). Cooperative urban mining in Brazil: Collective practices in selective household waste collection and recycling. Waste Management, 45, 22-31. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.023Anwar, S., Elagroudy, S., Abdel Razik, M., Gaber, A., Bong, C. P. C., & Ho, W. S. (2018). Optimization of solid waste management in rural villages of developing countries. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20(3), 489-502. doi:10.1007/s10098-018-1485-7Patwa, A., Parde, D., Dohare, D., Vijay, R., & Kumar, R. (2020). Solid waste characterization and treatment technologies in rural areas: An Indian and international review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 20, 101066. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.101066Elgie, A. R., Singh, S. J., & Telesford, J. N. (2021). You can’t manage what you can’t measure: The potential for circularity in Grenada’s waste management system. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, 105170. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105170Yıldız-Geyhan, E., Yılan, G., Altun-Çiftçioğlu, G. A., & Kadırgan, M. A. N. (2019). Environmental and social life cycle sustainability assessment of different packaging waste collection systems. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 143, 119-132. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.028Solano Meza, J. K., Orjuela Yepes, D., Rodrigo-Ilarri, J., & Cassiraga, E. (2019). Predictive analysis of urban waste generation for the city of Bogotá, Colombia, through the implementation of decision trees-based machine learning, support vector machines and artificial neural networks. Heliyon, 5(11), e02810. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02810Calderón Márquez, A. J., & Rutkowski, E. W. (2020). Waste management drivers towards a circular economy in the global south – The Colombian case. Waste Management, 110, 53-65. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.016Ezeah, C., Fazakerley, J. A., & Roberts, C. L. (2013). Emerging trends in informal sector recycling in developing and transition countries. Waste Management, 33(11), 2509-2519. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.020Hettiarachchi, H., Ryu, S., Caucci, S., & Silva, R. (2018). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues and Potential Solutions from the Governance Perspective. Recycling, 3(2), 19. doi:10.3390/recycling3020019Velis, C. (2017). Waste pickers in Global South: Informal recycling sector in a circular economy era. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 35(4), 329-331. doi:10.1177/0734242x17702024Molano Camargo, F. (2019). El relleno sanitario Doña Juana en Bogotá: la producción política de un paisaje tóxico, 1988-2019. Historia Crítica, (74), 127-149. doi:10.7440/histcrit74.2019.06https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/4927Colorado-Lopera, H. A., & Echeverri-Lopera, G. I. (2020). The solid waste in Colombia analyzed via gross domestic product: towards a sustainable economy. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, (96), 51-63. doi:10.17533/udea.redin.20191046Hernández-Berriel, M. del C., Aguilar-Virgen, Q., Taboada-González, P., Lima-Morra, R., … Eljaiek-Urzola, M. (2016). GENERACIÓN Y COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 32(Residuos sólidos), 11-22. doi:10.20937/rica.2016.32.05.02Pardo Martínez, C. I., & Piña, W. A. (2016). Solid waste management in Bogotá: the role of recycling associations as investigated through SWOT analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3), 1067-1086. doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9782-

Dynamics of the planktonic food web in Colgada Lake (Lagunas de Ruidera Natural Park)

In Colgada Lake, one of the 15 lakes belonging to Lagunas de Ruidera Natural Park, the components of the lineal food chain (phytoplankton and metazooplankton) and the microbial loop phytoplankton, metazooplankton, ciliates, autotrophic picoplankton, and bacterioplankton) were studied from June 2003 to December 2004 with a monthly sampling frequency. This lake has monomictic and mesotrophic characteristics and a mean depth of 8 m. Sixty-two species of the phytoplankton community, 27 species of metazooplankton community, and 12 species of ciliates were identified. Phytoplankton and metazooplankton integrated biomass followed seasonal patterns with higher values in summer, up to 105 mg WW/m2 and 2 × 104 mg WW/m2, respectively. Autotrophic picoplankton did not exceed 500 mg WW/m2. Microbial loop components did not show seasonality, and its biomass concentration fluctuated between 500-2500 mg WW/m2 for ciliates and 100- 2000 mg WW/m2 for bacterioplankton. Centric Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Dinophyceae represented most of the phytoplanktonic biomass throughout the studied period, although an increase of cyanobacteria was also observed. Cladocerans and calanoid copepods dominated during summer stratification, rotifers and cyclopoid copepods were present during the winter mixing period. The microbial loop biomass in relation to total planktonic biomass was higher in winter and spring 2004. Interannual changes in the presence of planktonic groups were observed in the different periods of the year: i) the algal composition included larger and non-edible species (Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae), ii) a reduction in the clearance function by cladocerans was produced, which were substituted by a cyclopoid predator that iii) can feed on rotifers and ciliates, favouring in this way bacterioplankton and autotrophic pico-nanoplankton. This interannual variation could be related to the ongoing eutrophication process in the Lake. All of this may change the way the lake looks: if spring primary production is not strongly controlled by herbivory, this could threaten the annual recruitment of submerged macrophytes that significantly contribute to improve the water quality of the lake.En la laguna Colgada, una de las 15 lagunas que componen el Parque Natural de Las lagunas de Ruidera, se han estudiado los componentes de la red trófica planctónica (fitoplancton, metazooplancton, ciliados, picoplancton autotrófico -PPA- y bacterioplancton), desde junio de 2003 a diciembre de 2004, con una frecuencia de muestreo mensual. Esta laguna posee un carácter monomíctico y mesotrófico y una profundidad media de 8 m. Se identificaron 62 especies de la comunidad fitoplanctónica, 27 especies de la comunidad de metazooplancton y 12 especies de ciliados. La biomasa integrada de fitoplancton y metazooplancton mostró un patrón estacional con valores más elevados en verano, hasta 105 mg PF/m2 y 2 × 104 mg PF/m2, respectivamente. El PPA no superó los 500 mg PF/m2. Bacterias y ciliados no presentaron estacionalidad, y su concentración fluctuó entre 500-2500 mg PF/m2 en el caso de los ciliados y 100-2000 mg PF/m2 en el bacterioplancton. Poblaciones de Bacillariophyceae de tipo centrales, Cryptophyceae y Dinophyceae constituyeron la mayor parte de la biomasa fitoplanctónica durante todo el periodo de estudio, aunque se observó un incremento de cianobacterias. Cladóceros y copépodos calanoides fueron dominantes durante la estratificación estival, rotíferos y copépodos ciclopoides estaban presentes en la mezcla invernal. La biomasa relativa del bucle microbiano frente al total de biomasa planctónica fue superior en inverno y primavera de 2004. Se han observado cambios interanuales en la presencia de los grupos planctónicos de los diferentes periodos del año: i) la composición algal incluye especies más grandes y menos comestibles (Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae), ii) se produce una reducción de la función de aclarado de los cladóceros que son sustituidos por un depredador ciclopoide que iii) se pue de alimentar de rotíferos y ciliados, favoreciendo así a las bacterias y el pico-nanoplancton autotrófico. Esta variación interanual podría estar relacionada con el proceso de eutrofización que está sufriendo la laguna. Todo ello puede llegar a cambiar el aspecto de la laguna: si la producción primaria en primavera no está fuertemente controlada por la herbivoría, se puede impedir el reclutamiento anual de los macrófitos sumergidos que contribuyen significativamente a mejorar la calidad de la aguas de esta laguna

Implementing Circular Economy Techniques for the Optimal Management of Recyclable Solid Waste Using the M-GRCT Decision Support Model

[EN] This article analyzes the implementation of a circular economy model for the management of reusable solid waste in the Colombian municipalities of Arbelaez (province of Cundinamarca) and Tibasosa (province of Boyaca). The analysis is conducted using M-GRCT, a circular economy decision support model for the design of recyclable waste management systems in low-income municipalities. The model allows for performing calculations on a set of two scenarios integrating a sociocultural dynamics assessment-this being a characteristic feature of this type of municipalities. Results show that both the linear and circular models of waste management are economically viable. However, the particular conditions of each municipality, the tariff system, the number of subscribers and the variations in costs and inflation in each municipality affect the results of economic viability. In addition, the waste production scale and the volumes of recoverable waste also affect the results. All these factors are reflected in the scenarios analyzed. In terms of economic viability, the circular model presents better results in Arbelaez, while in the municipality of Tibasosa, the best results are obtained with a linear economy approach.Vargas-Terranova, C.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Rodrigo-Clavero, M.; Parra-Saad, A. (2022). Implementing Circular Economy Techniques for the Optimal Management of Recyclable Solid Waste Using the M-GRCT Decision Support Model. Applied Sciences. 12(16):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168072117121

Breast cancer analysis by confocal energy dispersive micro-XRD

In this work, the confocal energy dispersive micro-XRD technique has been employed to efficiently study differences between normal and malignant carcinomas in breast tissues. This technique has been implemented with low angular divergence glass monocapillaries in the excitation and detection channels. The microdiffractometer operates with a scattering angle of (20.3 ± 0.9)° that defines a cross section for analysis (0.178 mm × 0.175 mm), with a depth resolution of 1.18 mm. The obtained momentum transfer resolution between 3.9 and 10.9% was found to be highly useful to identify the scattering profiles of adipose tissues without any data processing. Differentiation between tissues with similar scattering profiles, such as fibroglandular and neoplastic tissues, has been achieved by processing the spectra within the framework of diffraction theory for scattering intensity. The obtained results allowed the development of a deterministic diagnostic model based on the evaluation of the depth profiles by confocal micro-XRD. In this model, the modulation of the scattering profiles caused by X-ray attenuation was analyzed to differentiate neoplastic tissues. The spatial resolution of the technique was the key aspect of the process, helping to detect variations in X-ray attenuation and to select uniform volume of analysis without superimposed scattering profiles.Fil: Escudero, Rodrigo Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; ArgentinaFil: Cabral, María C.. Hospital Provincial Maternal Dr. Felipe Lucini; ArgentinaFil: Valladares, Mariana. Hospital Provincial Maternal Dr. Felipe Lucini; ArgentinaFil: Franco, María A.. Hospital Provincial Maternal Dr. Felipe Lucini; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Roberto Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentin

Influencia de la concentración de nutrientes y la herviboría sobre la estructura y la función de una comunidad algal

Un mismo conjunto de algas puede generar diferentes ensamblados finales estables en función del ambiente (lago, laguna, etc.) en que se desarrollen. En este trabajo se pretende averiguar qué mecanismos están afectando simultáneamente al conjunto de especies para que se produzca una selección de ellas apropiada a cada ambiente acuático, y cómo la variabilidad de la respuesta se ve reflejada en la estructura y función de la comunidad (biomasa total, fotosíntesis y respiración). Se ha ensayado la formación de una comunidad algal a partir de la disposición simultánea de 8 especies de algas cosmopolitas de agua dulce de morfología bien distinta (Cosmarium contractum, Cryptomonas ovata, Euglena gracilis, Limnothrix redekei, Monoraphidium contortum, Pediastrum tetras, Planktothrix agardhii y Scenedesmus acutus) en distintos tipos de medio de cultivo. Los tratamientos han sido cuatro: mayor y menor concentración de nutrientes (N y P) y presencia o no de Daphnia magna, Keratella cochlearis y Brachionus calicyflorus. Se han ensayado, además, sistemas de competencia entre algas y se ha averiguado la viabilidad de estas especies como inóculos tras un período de senescencia. La presencia de herbívoros (depredación) y la concentración de nutrientes (competencia), son los mecanismos que aislada o sin enérgicamente afectan al ensamblado de microalgas determinando diferentes estados alternativos desde un mismo conjunto de microalgas. Pero el efecto de estos mecanismos es a su vez diferente en función de las propiedades de las microalgas implicadas como son su tamaño, su tasa de crecimiento y la viabilidad de cada especie como inóculo. La presencia de herbívoros y la oligotrofia reducen la biomasa de productores primarios pero aumentan la diversidad relajando la competencia y aumentando la incertidumbre sobre el final alcanzado. Se demuestra además que las variaciones en la estructura de la comunidad se reflejan directamente en su función, afectando en última instancia a la producción primaria y la respiración.The same pool of algae can generate different final stable assemblages depending on the environment (lake, lagoon, etc.) where they develop. In this work we attempt to ascertain the mechanisms that simultaneously affect the species to appropriately select them for each aquatic environment, and how the variability in the response is reflected in the community structure and function (total biomass, photosynthesis and respiration). An algal community has been formed assembling 8 species of freshwater cosmopolite algae which have quite different morphologies (Cosmarium contractum, Cryptomonas ovata, Euglena gracilis, Limnothrix redekei, Monoraphidium contortum, Pediastrum tetras, Planktothrix agardhii and Scenedesmus acutus) using several kinds of culture media. The treatments were four: low and high nutrient concentrations (N and P) and presence and absence of Daphnia magna, Keratella cochlearis, and Brachionus calicyflorus. The competition between pairs of algae has been studied and also the viability of the species as inoculum after a senescence period. The presence of herbivores (predation) and the nutrient concentration (competition) are the mechanisms that by themselves or sinergically affect the microalgae assemblages originating different alternative states from the same pool of species. But the effect of these mechanisms is different depending on the algal properties such as size, growth rate, and viability as inoculum. The presence of herbivores and the oligotrophic conditions reduce the primary producers' biomass but increase diversity due to relaxation of competition and increase the uncertainty of final states. It is also shown that the variations in the community structure are directly reflected on the function, affecting primary production and respiration

Evaluation of Reservoir Inflows Using Semi-Distributed Hydrological Modeling Techniques: Application to the Esil and Moildy Rivers' Catchments in Kazakhstan

[EN] This study explores the potential application of the HBV model for simulating water inflow into the Astana reservoir in Kazakhstan. The Astana reservoir, with an area of 60.9 km2 and a capacity of 411 million m3, serves as a vital hydrotechnical structure for the regulation of long-term water resources. Positioned on the Esil River, this reservoir plays a crucial role in providing drinking water to Astana, the capital city of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This study presents a concise overview of the HBV model and includes hydrometeorological data as well as information from a digital elevation model constructed from altitude maps of the catchment areas of the Esil and Moildy rivers. To simulate the runoff from both rivers, the GAP optimization algorithm was employed. Model parameters were calibrated for the period spanning 1975 to 2020. The effectiveness of the model was evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, which confirms a strong correlation between the simulated runoff dynamics and observed data. This study's outcomes reveal the efficiency of the selected optimal parameters, particularly for the 2020-2022 timeframe, during which the HBV model's parameters were validated. Overall, the quality metrics achieved during both the calibration and validation periods are satisfactory, affirming the model's suitability for short-term runoff forecasts, especially during flood events. Furthermore, the model proves valuable for assessing potential shifts in river runoff patterns under the influence of climate change.Serikbay, NT.; Tillakarim, TA.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Rodrigo-Clavero, M.; Duskayev, KK. (2023). Evaluation of Reservoir Inflows Using Semi-Distributed Hydrological Modeling Techniques: Application to the Esil and Moildy Rivers' Catchments in Kazakhstan. Water. 15(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162967151

Holographic Fabry-Perot spectrometer

We propose a spectrum analyzer based on the properties of a hologram recorded with the field transmitted by a Fabry-Perot etalon. The spectral response of this holographic Fabry-Perot spectrometer (HFPS) is analytically investigated in the paraxial approximation and compared with a conventional Fabry-Perot etalon of similar characteristics. We demonstrate that the resolving power is twice increased and the free spectral range (FSR) is reduced to one-half. The proposed spectrometer could improve the operational performance of the etalon because it can exhibit high efficiency and it would be insensible to environmental conditions such as temperature and vibrations. Our analysis also extends to another variant of the HFPS based on holographic multiplexing of the transmitted field of a Fabry-Perot etalon. This device increases the FSR, keeping the same HFPS performance. © 2011 Optical Society of America.We thank A. Cámara Iglesias for valuable discussions and advice. Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project TEC 2008-04105 is acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

Effect of soil properties on the dynamic response of simply-supported bridges under railway traffic through coupled boundary element-finite element analyses

Railway induced vibrations on short-to-medium span simply-supported (SS) bridges is addressed in this contribution. Such structures may experience high levels of vertical acceleration at the platform, leading to adverse consequences such as a premature degradation of the ballast layer and passenger discomfort. In the present study, the evolution of the bridge dynamic response when soil-structure interaction (SSI) is taken into account is investigated. To this end a coupled three-dimensional (3D) Boundary Element-Finite Element model (BEM-FEM) formulated in the time domain is implemented to reproduce the soil and structural behaviour, respectively. First, a set of soil-bridge systems of interest is defined, covering a wide range of lengths and natural frequencies for the structures, and an interval of expectable elastic properties and damping levels for the soil. Then, different types of analyses are performed on the soil-bridge systems extracting conclusions regarding the effect of including SSI in numerical models for predicting the bridge behaviour under railway traffic. In particular natural frequencies and modal damping levels are identified, and the structure amplification after the passage of a moving load in free vibration is investigated. Conclusions regarding how resonance and cancellation conditions may be affected by soil properties are extracted. Finally, the dynamic response of a real bridge, belonging to the Spanish railway network, is evaluated under the circulation of trains that induce second and third resonances of the bridge fundamental mode. The effect of the soil flexibility, soil material damping and the bridge resonance order are evaluated. Conclusions regarding the appropriateness of the results provided by common models which do not include SSI effects are extractedMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad BIA2013-43085-PMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad BIA2016-75042-C2Centro Informático Científico de Andalucía (CICA