About reality and lies: a principle of little prince

A recurring concept attracted our attention in academic areas in which research is discussed. Repeatedly´, the phrase "knowing the reality" is mentioned, as one way of understanding and research and science as an academic exercise. Therefore, it´s essential to make a question to this concept: "reality," in order to reach a further understanding and, of course, to a staff position as individuals who are interested in knowledge. But also, we are interested in the social field, because we had made choices and those choices are now or they’re going to become in to professional titles. We must turn, then not to a generic conception of reality, but, ultimately, to social reality

Non-contact competition between soft and hard corals: a transcriptomic perspective

Ecological interactions affect species evolution and, acting in combination with environmental factors, determine the composition of an ecosystem. In the case of coral reefs, the interactions of species with the corals (Anthozoa) is essential in shaping the ecosystem. Competition is particularly intense in coral reef communities because of the limited availability of space where conditions are appropriate (e.g. depth, substrate, currents) for settlement and growth. Space limitation makes the interaction between corals an essential element determining coral assemblages. Competitive interactions are difficult to analyses due to the number and diversity of factors (e.g. environment, life history, genotype) affecting outcomes. In the case of corals, research on competitive interactions has mostly focused on visible signs of aggression, such as measuring the damaged tissue next to a competitor or reporting visual competitive behaviours (e.g. mesenteric filaments). However, competition (particularly non-contact competition) does not always lead to visible symptoms, which has led in some cases to the underestimation of the extent of competitive interactions. For example, many soft corals (Octocorallia) produce secondary metabolites that may be used to compete for space; the production of secondary metabolites is unlikely to be visually obvious, and their impact on competitors may be subtle or cryptic. The outcomes of competitive interactions between individual corals will also be affected by the health and history of those individuals. For example, individuals that are already immune-compromised are unlikely to be able to compete as efficiently as healthier individuals. The immune system is assumed to be a critical component of competitive mechanisms. Research on coral immunity has focused, with few exceptions, on hard corals (Scleractinia), very little information being available on soft corals immune systems. The lack of basic research on soft corals extends to many aspects of their biology, despite the importance and abundance of these organisms in reef ecosystems. More research on soft corals immunity is important in order to better understand how these organisms respond to environmental factors or competition and to better predict the future composition of coral reefs. In this thesis, I have attempted to advance the knowledge of soft coral biology and non-contact competition between soft and hard corals. I analysed, at a transcriptomic level, the response of the soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum to challenge with the defined immunogen MDP and the effects on both L. pauciflorum and the hard coral Porites cylindrica (hard corals) when these were in noncontact competition. The response of the soft coral to MDP was variable and unexpectedly dominated by genes likely to have functions in the nervous system. Non-contact competition triggered general stress and immune responses in soft corals, as well as differential expression of genes likely to function in secondary metabolite production and others genes that may be involved in tissue remodelling. The transcriptomic response of the hard coral, Porites, on the other hand, suggested cellular stress combined with resistance and aggressive responses. This research also highlights the role of the coral nervous system and behaviour in the stress response, suggesting that neuro-related pathways are closely linked to the immune system. Similarities between the transcriptomic responses to non-contact competition identified here and previously reported responses to environmental stressors (e.g. ubiquitination, antioxidant production), is consistent with the recruitment of common gene repertoires; therefore climate change is likely to effects competitive interactions in complex ways. Finally, the research presented in this thesis demonstrates the extent of variation in the responses of individual corals to stress (immune challenge and competition) and the challenges that this poses particularly for the investigation of the molecular bases of competition. In the future, individual variation needs to be better accommodated for molecular investigations into coral research, which means increasing biological replication and stopping the practice of discarding outliers

Psychotherapy and art

The psychology, in addition to his youth as a recognized discipline, presents a demarcation of its subject of study always controversial. Since the beginning of his definitive separation of philosophy, in the late nineteenth century, its object of study has mutated with the relentless steps of the psychological models: awareness, unconscious, cognitive processes, objetal relationships, the archetype, the behavior

Voltaire with Nietzsche: The Problem of the Object in Psychology

One question, for some a candid question, is positioned in the atmosphere of academic psychology, in fact, I dare say, all the programs in psychology, at least, they ought to be: what does psychology study? Immediate responses can come from many sectors, some with a pompous title of "more scientific", other than, with some suspicion scratch, for some, discredited in the categories of "pseudoscience" or, in a less dramatic way, "ideologies"

Criticisism and education at Funlam

Among other things I concern of FUNLAM is the pedagogical aspect in a particular evaluation system, within a specific context, as in Medellin, Colombia, Latin America. This concern, ultimately, is not related to anything more than a common term, which is the center of all the concerns that have to do with the field of education: teaching models

Factores de estado de ánimo precompetitivo en adolescentes de deportes colectivos y satisfacción con el rendimiento

Esta investigación estuvo guiada por el modelo teórico de Lane y Terry (2000) y se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el perfil de estado de ánimo en deportistas adolescentes, así como su vínculo con el rendimiento posterior en competición. Participaron en el estudio 212 deportistas, 82.5% hombres y 17.5% mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 18 años (M = 15.44; DE = 1.14). Todos respondieron al cuestionario de estados de ánimo POMS y a 2 indicadores subjetivos de rendimiento. En base a sus puntuaciones en el factor de Estado Deprimido, la muestra de participantes fue dividida en 2 grupos, No-Deprimido (n = 104) y Deprimido (n = 108). El grupo Deprimido informó de valores significativamente más altos en los factores Tensión, Cólera y Fatiga, y significativamente más bajos en Vigor. En cuanto a la magnitud de las correlaciones entre factores, el coeficiente global fue más alto para el grupo Deprimido; aunque la diferencia observada no resultó estadísticamente significativa. Por último, en el grupo No-Deprimido encontramos relaciones significativas entre el factor Amistad del POMS y el nivel de satisfacción con el rendimiento.This research was driven by Lane and Terry's (2000) theoretical model, and was carried out with the aim of studying the profile of mood states in adolescent athletes, in addition to the relationship between mood dimensions and sports performance. 212 athletes (82.5% men, 17.5% women) with an average age of 15.44 (SD = 1.14) took part. All of them completed the POMS questionnaire on mood states and 2 subjective performance indicators. On the basis of scores on Depressed Mood, the sample of participants was divided up into 2 groups, Non-Depressed (n = 104) and Depressed (n = 108). The Depressed group reported significantly higher values for Tension, Anger, and Fatigue, and significantly lower values for Vigour. with respect to the size of the correlations amongst factors, the overall coefficient was higher in the Depressed-mood group, although the difference observed was not statistically significant. Finally, we found significant relationships between the POMS Friendship factor and satisfaction with performance in the Non-Depressed group.Esta investigação teve por base o modelo teórico de Lane e Terry (2000) e foi realizada com o objectivo de estudar o perfil de estados de humor em desportistas adolescentes, assim como o seu vínculo com o rendimento posterior em competição. Participaram no estudo 212 desportistas, 82,5% homens e 17.5% mulheres, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 18 anos (M = 15.44; DP = 1.14). Todos responderam ao questionário de estados de humor POMS e a 2 indicadores subjectivos de rendimento. Com base nas suas pontuações no factor Estado Deprimido, a amostra de participantes foi dividida em dois grupos, Não--Deprimido (n = 104) e Deprimido (n = 108). O grupo Deprimido apresentou valores significativamente mais elevados nos factores Tensão, Hostilidade e Fadiga, e significativamente mais baixos para o Vigor. Quanto à magnitude das correlações entre factores, o coeficiente global foi mais elevado para o grupo Deprimido; embora não sendo diferença observada estatisticamente significativa. Por último, no grupo Não-Deprimido verificamos relações significativas entre o factor Amizade do POMS e o nível de satisfação com o rendimento

Factor structure of mood over time frames and circumstances of measurement: Two studies on the Profile of Mood States questionnaire

This paper presents the results of two studies on the invariance of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire across response time frames and circumstances of administration. We applied Spanish versions of the instrument to gather data from 1146 athletes. In the first study (N = 700), we tested the factor structure of the questionnaire in training sessions by using two different time frames: ‘right now’ (n = 350) and ‘past week’ (n = 350). In the second study (N = 446), we compared the factor structure of the questionnaire with data collected using the instruction ‘right now’ at two different circumstances: ‘training’ (n = 223) and ‘competition’ (n = 223). Data analysis was similar in both studies. We conducted multi-group confirmatory factor analyses and applied the scaled difference chi-square statistic to examine whether discrepancies in successive constrained models were significant. We observed configural equivalence between the two time frames. Furthermore, we observed metric equivalence but not scalar invariance between the different circumstances of measurement. The findings highlight the need for studies of equivalence before using a single self-report with more than one set of instructions, or under diverse circumstances. Invariance of mood scores should be examined and taken into account when interpreting individual and group mood state assessmentsThis research was supported in part by the Galician Department of Culture, Education and Universities [grant number ED431B2016-017 (with cooperation and English style review of the manuscript under grant GPC2014-047)]. The first author belongs to the CRETUS Strategic Partnership [grant number AGRUP2015/02]. All these programmes are co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund of the European UnionS

Características clínicas de los pacientes con trauma militar en pie y tobillo, manejados con el fijador externo ilizarov durante el período 2011 - 2012

Análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y de las características clínicas de los pacientes. Resultados: Se operaron 10 pacientes, 4 cumplieron criterios de inclusión, edad promedio 25 años, 100% (4) de sexo masculino, 3 heridos por mina antipersonal, 3 fracturas abiertas grado IIIB de Gustilo, con Escala AOFAS de retropié posoperatoria con una media de 67 a los 6 meses (sobre 86)

Categorización de pacientes según riesgo y dependencia retrospectiva y prospectiva de pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina, unidad de hombres del hospital de Talca, noviembre del 2013.

66 p.El presente estudio pretende analizar la categorización por riesgo y dependencia retrospectiva y prospectiva, que permita una mejor gestión hospitalaria. El estudio se realizo en el servicio de medicina, unidad de hombres del hospital regional de Talca, a pacientes hospitalizados en dicha unidad y comparando los resultados con la categorización prospectiva realizada a esos mismos pacientes. Se incluyo a un total de 30 pacientes. El estudio fue no experimental, transversal descriptivo. La categorización de paciente se realiza en todos los hospitales en forma retrospectiva, teniendo resultados de la complejidad y demandas de cuidado del día anterior, y en el servicio de medicina lo realiza la enfermera/o de turno de noche. Los resultados reflejaron que la categorización de pacientes por riesgo y dependencia retrospectiva y prospectiva tienen la misma clasificación en un 56,6 %, que equivale a 17 pacientes. La categorización retrospectiva fue mayor a la prospectiva en 4 pacientes que corresponden a un 13,3 %. En 9 pacientes, que equivale a un 30 %, la categorización por riesgo y dependencia prospectiva es mayor que la categorización retrospectiva, quiere decir que lo programado es mayor a lo que requirieron los pacientes en relación a sus cuidados. Se concluye que no hay una gran diferencia entre las dos categorizaciones de un mismo paciente y que la categorización retrospectiva, debería utilizarse para evaluar costos derivados de la atención hospitalaria, y que la categorización prospectiva debería aplicarse en el servicio de medicina, unidad de hombres , ya que se podría optimizar la gestión hospitalaria de el recurso humano , material y por ende a la disminución de la carga laboral durante los turnos de noche