El aprendizaje y la enseñanza de unidades fraseológicas españolas a través de series de animación infantiles modernas

En la actualidad, los medios audiovisuales representan una gran parte del consumo diario de la población. Las producciones televisivas han ayudado en la transmisión de ideas y valores a lo largo del tiempo, pero también han intervenido en la evolución de lenguas y culturas. En un ambiente de globalización como el de hoy día, los medios audiovisuales han conseguido que personas de otras culturas puedan acceder más fácilmente a productos españoles. Todo ello fomenta y agiliza el aprendizaje y enseñanza de esta lengua de una manera diferente y llamativa si se compara con los métodos más clásicos. Por otro lado, las unidades fraseológicas están consideradas como uno de los aspectos más complicados de la lengua española y con una baja representación en la enseñanza de ELE. Este trabajo pretende proporcionar una visión sobre la aparición y uso en contexto de estas unidades en las series infantiles modernas. Para ello, se analizan tres series representativas y se exponen los ejemplos destacados con el objetivo de promocionar este medio para la enseñanza de ELE.Currently, the audiovisual media represents a large part of the daily consumption of the population. Television productions have aided in the transmission of ideas and values over time, but they have also mediated in the evolution of languages and cultures. In the today’s globalization, this media has made it easier for people from other cultures to access Spanish products. All of this encourages and speeds up the learning and teaching of the language in a diverse and striking way compared to the more conventional methods. The phraseological units are one of the most intricate aspects of the Spanish language and it suffers from a low representation in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. This paper aims to provide a view on the appearance and use in context of these units in modern children's TV series. Three representative series are analysed and the outstanding examples are exposed with the objective of promoting this medium for the teaching of Spanish.Máster Universitario en Formación de Profesores de Español (M057). Especialidad en Enseñanza de Español como Lengua Extranjera

Simulation-based high-level synthesis of Nyquist-rate data converters using MATLAB/SIMULINK

This paper presents a toolbox for the simulation, optimization and high-level synthesis of Nyquist-rate Analog-to-Digital (A/D) and Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converters in MATLAB®. The embedded simulator uses SIMULINK® C-coded S-functions to model all required subcircuits including their main error mechanisms. This approach allows to drastically speed up the simulation CPU-time up to 2 orders of magnitude as compared with previous approaches - based on the use of SIMULINK® elementary blocks. Moreover, S-functions are more suitable for implementing a more detailed description of the circuit. For all subcircuits, the accuracy of the behavioral models has been verified by electrical simulation using HSPICE. For synthesis purposes, the simulator is used for performance evaluation and combined with an hybrid optimizer for design parameter selection. The optimizer combines adaptive statistical optimization algorithm inspired in simulated annealing with a design-oriented formulation of the cost function. It has been integrated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK® platform by using the MATLAB® engine library, so that the optimization core runs in background while MATLAB® acts as a computation engine. The implementation on the MATLAB® platform brings numerous advantages in terms of signal processing, high flexibility for tool expansion and simulation with other electronic subsystems. Additionally, the presented toolbox comprises a friendly graphical user interface to allow the designer to browse through all steps of the simulation, synthesis and post-processing of results. In order to illustrate the capabilities of the toolbox, a 0.13)im CMOS 12bit@80MS/s analog front-end for broadband power line communications, made up of a pipeline ADC and a current steering DAC, is synthesized and high-level sized. Different experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2003-02355RAICONI

Multi-bit cascade ΣΔ modulator for high-speed A/D conversion with reduced sensitivity to DAC errors

This paper presents a ΣΔ modulator (ΣΔM) which combines single-bit and multi-bit quantization in a cascade architecture to obtain high resolution with low oversampling ratio. It is less sensitive to the non-linearity of the DAC than those previously reported, thus enabling the use of very simple analog circuitry with neither calibration nor trimming required.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC97-058

Continuous-time cascaded ΣΔ modulators for VDSL: A comparative study

This paper describes new cascaded continuous-time ΣΔ modulators intended to cope with very high-rate digital subscriber line specifications, i.e 12-bit resolution within a 20-MHz signal bandwidth. These modulators have been synthesized using a new methodology that is based on the direct synthesis of the whole cascaded architecture in the continuous-time domain instead of using a discrete-to-continuous time transformation as has been done in previous approaches. This method allows to place the zeroes/poles of the loop-filter transfer function in an optimal way and to reduce the number of analog components, namely, transconductors and/or amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and digital-to-analog converters. This leads to more efficient topologies in terms of circuitry complexity, power consumption and robustness with respect to circuit non-idealities. A comparison study of the synthesized architectures is done considering their sensitivity to most critical circuit error mechanisms. Time-domain behavioral simulations are shown to validate the presented approach.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TEC2004-01752/MI

Eye position and eye velocity integrators reside in separate brainstem nuclei.

Two types of central nervous system integrators are critical for oculomotor performance. The first integrates velocity commands to create position signals that hold fixation of the eye. The second stores relative velocity of the head and visual surround to stabilize gaze both during and after the occurrence of continuous self and world motion. We have used recordings from single neurons to establish that the 'position' and 'velocity' integrators for horizontal eye movement occupy adjacent, but nonoverlapping, locations in the goldfish medulla. Lidocaine inactivation of each integrator results in the eye movement deficits expected if horizontal eye position and velocity signals are processed separately. These observations also indicate that each brainstem compartment generates and stores these signals. Consequently, each integrator exhibits functional autonomy. Therefore, we propose that the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the constituent neurons in each brainstem subnucleus may be sufficient for producing integrator rhythmicity

A CMOS fully-differential bandpass ΣΔ modulator using switched-current circuits

Comunicación presentada al "38 th MWSCAS" celebrado en Rio de janeiro del 13 al 16 de Agosto de 1995.This paper presents a fourth-order bandpass sigma-delta modulator that has been designed using fully-differential switched-current circuits in a 0.8μm CMOS technology. The modulator prototype has been obtained by applying a lowpass to bandpass transformation to a second-order lowpass ΣΔ modulator. Specifications are SNR [email protected]±15Khz, for a clock frequency of 1OMhz. Preliminary results from the fabricated prototype obtains the correct noise shaping up to 2.5Mhz clock frequency.Peer reviewe

Multi-bit cascade ΣΔ modulator for high-speed A/D conversion with reduced sensitivity to DAC errors

El pdf del artículo es la versión post-print.This paper presents a ΣΔ modulator (ΣΔM) which combines single-bit and multi-bit quantization in a cascade architecture to obtain high resolution with low oversampling ratio. It is less sensitive to the non-linearity of the DAC than those previously reported, thus enabling the use of very simple analog circuitry with neither calibration nor trimming required.This work has been supported by Spanish C.I.C.Y.T. under contract TIC97-0580.Peer reviewe

A 2.5MHz 55dB Switched-Current BandPass ΣΔ Modulator for AM Signal Conversion.

We present a Switched-Current (SI) fourth-order bandpass ΣΔ modulator IC prototype. It uses fully-differential circuits in 0.8μm CMOS technology to obtain a Dynamic Range (DR) larger than 55dB at 2.5MHz center frequency with 30kHz bandwidth - in accordance to the requirements of AM digital receivers. The prototype incorporates a single-ended to fully-differential current-mode buffer for testing purposes. The power consumption of the whole prototype (modulator plus buffer) is 60mW from a 5V supply voltage.This work has been supported by the European Union, under ESPRIT Project 8795-AMFIS.Peer reviewe

Molecular characterization of autophagic and apoptotic signaling induced by sorafenib in liver cancer cells

Sorafenib is the unique accepted molecular targeted drug for the treatment of patients in advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study evaluated cell signaling regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to autophagy and apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Sorafenib induced early (3–12 hr) ER stress characterized by an increase of Ser51P-eIF2α/eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, and sXBP1, but a decrease of activating transcription factor 6 expression, overall temporally associated with the increase of Thr183,Tyr185P-JNK1/2/JNK1/2, Thr172P-AMPKα, Ser413P-Foxo3a, Thr308P-AKt/AKt and Thr32P-Foxo3a/Foxo3a ratios, and reduction of Ser2481P-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR and protein translation. This pattern was related to a transient increase of tBid, Bim EL, Beclin-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, autophagy markers, and reduction of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression. The progressive increase of CHOP expression, and reduction of Thr308P-AKt/AKt and Ser473P-AKt/AKt ratios were associated with the reduction of autophagic flux and an additional upregulation of Bim EL expression and caspase-3 activity (24 hr). Small interfering-RNA (si-RNA) assays showed that Bim, but not Bak and Bax, was involved in the induction of caspase-3 in sorafenib-treated HepG2 cells. Sorafenib increased autophagic and apoptotic markers in tumor-derived xenograft model. In conclusion, the early sorafenib-induced ER stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK-dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK-CHOP-dependent rise of Bim EL, which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The kinetic of Bim EL expression profile might also be related to the tight balance between AKt- and AMPK-related signaling leading to Foxo3a-dependent BIM EL upregulation.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad BFU2016‐75352‐PInstituto de Salud Carlos III PI15/00034, PI13/ 00021, PI16/00090, PI14/01349Ministerio de Educación FPU16/05127, FPU12/01433, FPU13/01237Junta de Andalucía CTS-6264, PI-00025-2013, PI-0127-2013, PI-0198-201