Associations between sedentary time, physical activity and bone health among older people using compositional data analysis

Introduction : Aging is associated with a progressive decrease in bone mass (BM), and being physical active is one of the main strategies to combat this continuous loss. Nonetheless, because daily time is limited, time spent on each movement behavior is co-dependent. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between BM and movement behaviors in elderly people using compositional data analysis. Methods : We analyzed 871 older people [395 men (76.9 +/- 5.3y) and 476 women (76.7 +/- 4.7y)]. Time spent in sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), was assessed using accelerometry. BM was determined by bone densitometry (DXA). The sample was divided according to sex and bone health indicators. Results : The combined effect of all movement behaviors (PA and SB) was significantly associated with whole body, leg and femoral region BM in the whole sample (p<0.05), with leg and pelvic BM (p<0.05) in men and, with whole body, arm and leg BM (p<0.05) in women. In men, arm and pelvic BM were negatively associated with SB and whole body, pelvic and leg BM were positively associated with MVPA (p<0.05). In women, whole body and leg BM were positively associated with SB. Arm and whole body BM were positively associated and leg BM was negatively associated with LPA and arm BM was negatively associated with MVPA (p<0.05). Women without bone fractures spent less time in SB and more in LPA and MVPA than the subgroup with bone fractures. Conclusion : We identified that the positive effect of MVPA relative to the other behaviors on bone mass is the strongest overall effect in men. Furthermore, women might decrease bone fracture risk through PA increase and SB reduction, despite the fact that no clear benefits of PA for bone mass were found

EN TORNO A LA EDUCACIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LOS ADOLESCENTES DE SECUNDARIA BÁSICA. CONSIDERACIONES TEÓRICAS

The present work seeks to reflect on the theoretical elements that constitute foundations for the development of historical education in adolescents of Basic Secondary Education as an essential element in the achievement of an adequate historical culture. A set of ideas are offered from the various sciences that help to understand the object of study within the teaching-learning process of History. From a didactic point of view, indicators are proposed to determine the level of development of the adolescents' historical education, which will allow the teacher to establish a diagnosis of their students and draw up strategies taking into account the state in which they are, thus as the opportunity to make timely decisions in their practical activity that contribute to the improvement of the teaching-learning of History.El presente trabajo busca reflexionar sobre los elementos teóricos que constituyen fundamentos para el desarrollo de la educación histórica en los adolescentes de la Educación Secundaria Básica como un elemento esencial en el logro de una adecuada cultura histórica. Se ofrecen un conjunto de ideas desde las diversas ciencias que ayudan a comprender el objeto de estudio dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Historia. Desde una mirada didáctica se proponen indicadores para determinar el nivel de desarrollo de la educación histórica de los adolescentes, lo cual le permitirá al docente establecer un diagnóstico de sus estudiantes y trazar estrategias teniendo en cuenta el estado en el cual se encuentren los mismos, así como la oportunidad de tomar decisiones oportunas en su actividad práctica que contribuyan al perfeccionamiento de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Historia

The impact of movement behaviors on bone health in elderly with adequate nutritional status: compositional data analysis depending on the frailty status

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between bone mass (BM) and physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) according to frailty status and sex using compositional data analysis. We analyzed 871 older people with an adequate nutritional status. Fried criteria were used to classify by frailty status. Time spent in SB, light intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) was assessed from accelerometry for 7 days. BM was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The combined effect of PA and SB was significantly associated with BM in robust men and women (p ≤ 0.05). In relation to the other behaviors, SB was negatively associated with BM in robust men while BM was positively associated with SB and negatively with LPA and MVPA in robust women. Moreover, LPA also was positively associated with arm BM (p ≤ 0.01). Finally, in pre-frail women, BM was positively associated with MVPA. In our sample, to decrease SB could be a good strategy to improve BM in robust men. In contrast, in pre-frail women, MVPA may be an important factor to consider regarding bone health

Relationship between physical performance and frailty syndrome in older adults: the mediating role of physical activity, sedentary time and body composition

The objectives were to clarify whether the relationship between physical performance and frailty was independently and jointly mediated by movement behaviors and body composition. We analyzed 871 older adults (476 women) from The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and fat index (FI) were determined using bone densitometry. Sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry. The Frailty Trait Scale and The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were used to evaluate frailty and physical performance, respectively. Simple and multiple mediation analyses were carried out to determine the role of movement behaviors and body composition, adjusted for potential confounders. ST and MVPA acted independently as mediators in the relationship between SPPB and frailty (0.06% for ST and 16.89% for MVPA). FI also acted as an independent mediator in the same relationship (36.47%), while the mediation role of SMI was not significant. MVPA and FI both acted jointly as mediators in this previous relationship explaining 58.15% of the model. Our data support the fact that interventions should simultaneously encourage the promotion of MVPA and strategies to decrease the FI in order to prevent or treat frailty through physical performance improvement

Which one came first: movement behavior or frailty? A cross-lagged panel model in the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging

Background There has been limited longitudinal assessment of the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) with frailty, and no studies have explored the possibility of reverse causality. This study aimed to determine the potential bidirectionality of the relationship between accelerometer-assessed MVPA, SB, and frailty over time in older adults. Methods Participants were from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. We analysed 186 older people aged 67 to 90 (76.7 ± 3.9; 52.7% female participants) over a 4-year period. Time spent in SB and MVPA was assessed by accelerometry. Frailty Trait Scale was used to determine frailty levels. A cross-lagged panel model design was used to test the reciprocal relationships between MVPA/SB and frailty. Results Frailty Trait Scale score changed from 35.4 to 43.8 points between the two times (P < 0.05). We also found a reduction of 7 min/day in the time spent on MVPA (P < 0.05), and participants tended to spend more time on SB (P = 0.076). Our analyses revealed that lower levels of initial MVPA predicted higher levels of later frailty [std. β = 0.126; confidence interval (CI) = 0.231, 0.021; P < 0.05], whereas initial spent time on SB did not predict later frailty (std. β = 0.049; CI = 0.185, 0.087; P = 0.48). Conversely, an initial increased frailty status predicted higher levels of later SB (std. β = 0.167; CI = 0.026, 0.307; P < 0.05) but not those of MVPA (std. β = 0.071; CI = 0.033, 0.175; P = 0.18). Conclusions Our observations suggest that the relationship between MVPA/SB and frailty is unidirectional: individuals who spent less time on MVPA at baseline are more likely to increase their frailty score, and individuals who are more frail are more likely to spent more time on SB at follow-up. Interventions and policies should aim to increase MVPA levels from earlier stages to promote successful aging

Low relative mechanical power in older adults: An operational definition and algorithm for its application in the clinical setting

The assessment and treatment of low relative muscle power in older people has received little attention in the clinical setting when compared to sarcopenia. Our main goal was to assess the associations of low relative power and sarcopenia with other negative outcomes in older people. Methods: The participants were 1189 subjects (54% women; 65–101 years old) from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. Probable sarcopenia was defined as having low handgrip strength, while confirmed sarcopenia also included low appendicular skeletal muscle index (assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) (EWGSOP2’s definition). Low relative (i.e. normalized to body mass) muscle power was assessed with the 5-repetition sit-tostand power test (which uses an equation that converts sit-to-stand performance into mechanical power) and diagnosed in those subjects in the lowest sex-specific tertile. Low usual gait speed (UGS), frailty (according to Fried’s criteria and the Frailty Trait Scale), limitations in basic (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and poor quality of life were also recorded. Results: Age-adjusted logistic regression analyses demonstrated that low relative muscle power was associated with low UGS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.9 and 2.5), frailty (OR = 3.9 and 4.7) and poor quality of life (OR = 1.8 and 1.9) in older men and women, respectively, and with limitations in BADL (OR = 1.6) and IADL (OR = 3.8) in older women (all p < 0.05). Confirmed sarcopenia was only associated with low UGS (OR = 2.5) and frailty (OR = 5.0) in older men, and with limitations in IADL in older women (OR = 4.3) (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Low relative muscle power had a greater clinical relevance than low handgrip strength and confirmed sarcopenia among older people. An operational definition and algorithm for low relative muscle power case finding in daily clinical practice was presented

Relative sit‑to‑stand power cut‑of points and their association with negatives outcomes in older adults

The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the association of sit-to-stand (STS) power and body composition parameters [body mass index (BMI) and legs skeletal muscle index (SMI)] with age; (ii) to provide cut-of points for low relative STS power (STSrel), (iii) to provide normative data for well functioning older adults and (iv) to assess the association of low STSrel with negative outcomes. Cross-sectional design (1369 older adults). STS power parameters assessed by validated equations, BMI and Legs SMI assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were recorded. Sex- and age adjusted segmented and logistic regression analyses and receiver operator characteristic curves were used. Among men, STSrel showed a negative association with age up to the age of 85 years (− 1.2 to − 1.4%year−1; p < 0.05). In women, a negative association with age was observed throughout the old adult life (− 1.2 to − 2.0%year−1; p < 0.001). Cut-of values for low STSrel were 2.5W ­kg−1 in men and 1.9W ­kg−1 in women. Low STSrel was associated with frailty (OR [95% CI] = 5.6 [3.1, 10.1]) and low habitual gait speed (HGS) (OR [95% CI] = 2.7 [1.8, 3.9]) in men while low STSrel was associated with frailty (OR [95% CI] = 6.9 [4.5, 10.5]) low HGS (OR [95% CI] = 2.9 [2.0, 4.1]), disability in activities of daily living (OR [95% CI] = 2.1 [1.4, 3.2]), and low quality of life (OR [95%CI] = 1.7 [1.2, 2.4]) in women. STSrel declined with increasing age in both men and women. Due to the adverse outcomes related to STSrel, the reported cut-of points can be used as a clinical tool to identify low STSrel among older adults

Ellas por ellos

La equidad de género es un asunto que nos involucra a todas y todos, pues los efectos de las relaciones de desigualdad, que inciden en la sana evolución de las mujeres, alcanzan también a los hombres, cuya masculinidad, construida bajo los cánones de una cultura patriarcal, les ha vetado el acceso a las emociones y el goce de placeres asignados en exclusiva al mundo de lo privado, al femenino. El Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación ha convocado a una pléyade de voces masculinas para que incursionen en el mundo femenino con este libro inspirado en la edición española Ellas. Catorce hombres dan la cara… Dieciséis hombres aceptaron el reto emocional, intelectual y profesional de aportar su visión de Ellas –nombradas así, genéricamente, sin más calificativos–, con la única premisa de escribir a partir de aquello que despierte en su imaginario masculino el simple hecho de pronunciar ese vocablo. … Ellas son aquí mujeres de carne y hueso, actrices, modelos, futbolistas, vendedoras, activistas, amantes y políticas, musas y ejemplos de vida, mundos interpretados desde lo que se sabe y lo que se intuye, acciones y pasiones estocadas indefectiblemente por la inspección masculina, la visión de género, el machismo y la misoginia, miradas injustas que revelan, también, el mundo de Ellos. … Ellas... por ellos es la oportunidad de mirar el imaginario de los Otros. Es atreverse a correr la cortina y aprender de la desnudez de las almas y conciencias masculinas. Es abrazar la frescura de un despertar de los hombres a una nueva era de comprensión y tolerancia, de respeto a lo diferente, de inclusión e integralidad. Valorar lo aquí expuesto por Ellos será para Ellas, definitivamente, un aliento para seguir construyendo una sociedad en igualdad, sin discriminación ni violencia

Differential leukocyte expression of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19

Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins mediate protection against enveloped viruses by blocking membrane fusion at endosomes. IFITM1 and IFITM3 are crucial for protection against influenza, and various single nucleotide polymorphisms altering their function have been linked to disease susceptibility. However, bulk IFITM1 and IFITM3 mRNA expression dynamics and their correlation with clinical outcomes have not been extensively addressed in patients with respiratory infections. In this study, we evaluated the expression of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in peripheral leukocytes from healthy controls and individuals with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Comparisons between participants grouped according to their clinical characteristics, underlying disease, and outcomes showed that the downregulation of IFITM1 was a distinctive characteristic of severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) that correlated with outcomes, including mortality. Conversely, increased IFITM3 expression was a common feature of severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19. Using a high-dose murine model of infection, we confirmed not only the downregulation of IFITM1 but also of IFITM3 in the lungs of mice with severe influenza, as opposed to humans. Analyses in the comparative cohort also indicate the possible participation of IFITM3 in COVID-19. Our results add to the evidence supporting a protective function of IFITM proteins against viral respiratory infections in humans.Introduction Methods - Human samples - IFITM expression in humans - Influenza infection in mice - IFITM expression in mice - Cytokine levels in mouse lungs - Study approval - Statistical analysis Results - Participant characteristics - IFITM1 and IFITM3 in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) - High-dose influenza A (H1N1) virus infection downregulates IFITM expression in mice - IFITM1 and IFITM3 in severe COVID-19 Discussio