44 research outputs found

    Representatives or experts? Civil society organizations in the EU's external relations

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    It is often claimed that the participation of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) can mitigate the democratic deficit of the European Union. This claim rests on the assumption that civil society organizations channel citizens' concerns to the European institutions, a view which is also shared by the European Commission. But whom do Brussels-based CSOs actually represent? Some have accused Brussels CSOs of being elitist and detached from their membership bases, but not much evidence has been provided by either these critics or by the CSO sympathizers. This paper contributes to filling this knowledge gap by exploring the geographical representativeness of EU CSOs and the extent to which they involve their members in organizational activities and decision-making. CSOs in European Trade Policy (ETP) and in European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) serve as case studies. It is assumed that the different political opportunity structures in these policy fields, namely the Commission's demand for geographical representativeness and member representation in ETP and the Council's interest in CSOs' knowledge and expertise in ESDP, are also reflected in the organizational structures of CSOs. The results confirm this hypothesis with regard to the geographical outreach of the organizations interviewed, but not with regard to the ways CSOs involve their members. CSOs in External Trade Policy have member organizations in a large number of European countries while many CSOs in ESDP lack a membership base. However, the member-based organizations of both policy fields involve their members in strategic decision-making and in diverse organizational activities and they communicate frequently with them. Evidence for a detachment of CSO secretariats in Brussels from their membership bases is scarce in the CSOs subject to this study. -- In der akademischen Debatte wird vielfach die Behauptung geĂ€ußert, die Partizipation zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen (ZGOs) könne das demokratische Defizit der EuropĂ€ischen Union abmildern. Dem liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass ZGOs BĂŒrgerinteressen zu den EuropĂ€ischen Institutionen kanalisieren, - eine Ansicht, die auch von der EuropĂ€ischen Kommission geteilt wird. Aber wen reprĂ€sentieren die bei der EU aktiven ZGOs eigentlich? BrĂŒsseler ZGOs stehen in der Kritik, elitĂ€r zu sein und sich von der Basis ihrer Mitglieder in den EU-Staaten entfernt zu haben. Bisher gibt es jedoch kaum empirische Untersuchungen, die die These der ZGO-Kritiker oder die der Sympathisanten stĂŒtzen wĂŒrden. Dieses Arbeitspapier trĂ€gt zur Schließung dieser LĂŒcke bei, indem es die geografische ReprĂ€sentativitĂ€t von BrĂŒsseler ZGOs untersucht sowie das Ausmaß der Mitgliederpartizipation in Entscheidungsprozessen und organisatorischen AktivitĂ€ten. Als Fallstudien dienen ZGOs in der EuropĂ€ischen Außenhandelspolitik und in der Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik. Es wird angenommen, dass sich die unterschiedlichen institutionellen Anreize in diesen Bereichen auch auf die interne Struktur von ZGOs auswirken: Im Bereich des Außenhandels ist der Hauptansprechpartner die Kommission, die zur Legitimation ihrer Politiken ZGOs geografische ReprĂ€sentativitĂ€t und MitgliederreprĂ€sentation abverlangt. In der Sicherheitspolitik hingegen ist der Rat der EU die SchlĂŒsselinstitution. Er konsultiert ZGOs vor allem aufgrund ihrer Expertise.Die Ergebnisse bestĂ€tigen die Vermutung, dass ZGOs im Außenhandel in einer grĂ¶ĂŸeren Anzahl von europĂ€ischen Staaten vertreten und damit geografisch reprĂ€sentativer sind. Vielen ZGOs in der Sicherheitspolitik fehlt dagegen jegliche Mitgliederbasis. Was jedoch die Mitgliederpartizipation angeht, so involvieren mitgliedsbasierte ZGOs in beiden Politikfeldern ihre Mitglieder regelmĂ€ĂŸig und intensiv. Daher findet diese Studie nur spĂ€rliche Belege fĂŒr eine Distanzierung der BrĂŒsseler ZGOs von ihrer nationalen Mitgliederbasis.

    Effekt von diffusiven und konvektiven Transportmechanismen auf die Elimination von wasserlöslichen und proteingebundenen Toxinen bei HĂ€modiafiltration mit verschiedenen PorengrĂ¶ĂŸen in der Leberersatztherapie

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    Das Leberversagen ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung mit geminderter Entgiftungs- und Synthesefunktion der Leber. Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines extrakorporalen Leberersatztherapieverfahrens mit hoher Clearance fĂŒr akkumulierende Lebertoxine bei gleichzeitig geringem Albuminverlust. Verschiedene Dialysemodi und Membranen unterschiedlicher PorengrĂ¶ĂŸe wurden getestet. Durch die offenporige HĂ€modiafiltration lassen sich albumingebundene und wasserlösliche Toxine des Leberversagens effektiv entfernen. Dabei gehen steigende PorengrĂ¶ĂŸen mit einem zunehmenden Albumintransfer einher

    From Theory to Practice: Applying Neural Networks to Simulate Real Systems with Sign Problems

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    The numerical sign problem poses a seemingly insurmountable barrier to the simulation of many fascinating systems. We apply neural networks to deform the region of integration, mitigating the sign problem of systems with strongly correlated electrons. In this talk we present our latest architectural developments as applied to contour deformation. We also demonstrate its applicability to real systems, namely perylene

    Interest Groups, NGOs or Civil Society Organisations? The Framing of Non-State Actors in the EU

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    Scholars have used varying terminology for describing non-state entities seeking to influence public policy or work with the EU’s institutions. This paper argues that the use of this terminology is not and should not be random, as different ‘frames’ come with different normative visions about the role(s) of these entities in EU democracy. A novel bibliometric analysis of 780 academic publications between 1992 and 2020 reveals that three frames stand out: The interest group frame, the NGO frame, as well as the civil society organisation frame; a number of publications also use multiple frames. This article reveals the specific democratic visions contained in these frames, including a pluralist view for interest groups; a governance view for NGOs as ‘third sector’ organisations, and participatory and deliberative democracy contributions for civil society organisations. The use of these frames has dynamically changed over time, with ‘interest groups’ on the rise. The results demonstrate the shifting focus of studies on non-state actors in the EU and consolidation within the sub-field; the original visions of European policy-makers emerging from the 2001 White Paper on governance may only partially come true

    The study of women, infant feeding and type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy and growth of their offspring (SWIFT Offspring study): prospective design, methodology and baseline characteristics

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    Abstract Background Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of becoming overweight or obese later in life. Breastfed babies grow more slowly during infancy than formula-fed babies. Among offspring exposed in utero to maternal glucose intolerance, prospective data on growth during infancy have been unavailable. Thus, scientific evidence is insufficient to conclude that breastfeeding reduces the risk of obesity among the offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM). To address this gap, we devised the Study of Women, Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes after GDM Pregnancy and Growth of their Offspring, also known as the SWIFT Offspring Study. This prospective, longitudinal study recruited mother-infant pairs from the SWIFT Study, a prospective study of women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The goal of the SWIFT Offspring Study is to determine whether breastfeeding intensity and duration, compared with formula feeding, are related to slower growth of GDM offspring during the first year life. This article details the study design, participant eligibility, data collection, and methodologies. We also describe the baseline characteristics of the GDM mother-infant pairs. Methods The study enrolled 466 mother-infant pairs among GDM deliveries in northern California from 2009–2011. Participants attended three in-person study exams at 6–9 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after delivery for infant anthropometry (head circumference, body weight, length, abdominal circumference and skinfold thicknesses), as well as maternal anthropometry (body weight, waist circumference and percent body fat). Mothers also completed questionnaires on health and lifestyle behaviors, including infant diet, sleep and temperament. Breastfeeding intensity and duration were assessed via several sources (diaries, telephone interviews, monthly mailings and in-person exams) from birth through the first year of life. Pregnancy course, clinical perinatal and newborn outcomes were obtained from health plan electronic medical records. Infant saliva samples were collected and stored for genetics studies. Discussion This large, racially and ethnically diverse cohort of GDM offspring will enable evaluation of the relationship of infant feeding to growth during infancy independent of perinatal characteristics, sociodemographics and other risk factors. The longitudinal design provides the first quantitative measures of breastfeeding intensity and duration among GDM offspring during early life

    Epidemiological and experimental studies on the impact of infant nutrition on body weight and metabolism and on psychomotor and cognitive development in children of diabetic mothers

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    GesamtdissertationStillen bietet MĂŒttern und Kindern eine Vielzahl von kurz- und langfristigen Vorteilen. So zeigt eine große Zahl von populationsbezogenen Studien, dass gestillte im Vergleich zu nicht gestillten, d.h. mit Formula ernĂ€hrten SĂ€uglingen ein geringeres Risiko aufweisen, im spĂ€teren Leben Übergewicht und damit assoziierte Stoffwechselstörungen zu entwickeln. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigen zahlreiche Untersuchungen, dass Stillen einen unabhĂ€ngigen positiven Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Kognition und Psychomotorik hat. Demnach könnte Stillen im Sinne von PrimĂ€rprĂ€vention gerade fĂŒr Kinder diabetischer MĂŒtter von besonderer Bedeutung sein, da diese einerseits ein erhöhtes Risiko aufweisen, Übergewicht und damit assoziierte Stoffwechselerkrankungen zu entwickeln, und andererseits eine verzögerte psychomotorische und kognitive Entwicklung im Vergleich zu Kindern gesunder MĂŒtter zeigen. Bisher fehlen jedoch fast völlig Untersuchungen zu diesem Themenkomplex. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, in einer zweiteiligen epidemiologischen Studie und einer komplementĂ€ren tierexperimentellen Untersuchung Folgen einer ErnĂ€hrung mit Muttermilch bei Vorliegen eines mĂŒtterlichen Diabetes zu charakterisieren. Hierzu untersuchten wir in der Kaulsdorfer Kohortenstudie (Kaulsdorf Cohort Study, KCS), einer prospektiven Kohortenstudie an Kindern diabetischer MĂŒtter, die Auswirkungen der Aufnahme diabetischer Muttermilch (diabetic breast milk, DBM) auf das spĂ€tere Übergewichtsrisiko, die Psychomotorik und die Kognition. Das Übergewichtsrisiko der Kinder war in AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der in der ersten Lebenswoche (frĂŒhe Neonatalperiode) aufgenommenen Menge an Milch ihrer diabetischen Mutter erhöht. In der univariaten Analyse war die Aufnahme von Milch diabetischer MĂŒtter in der spĂ€ten Neonatalperiode (2. bis 4. Lebenswoche) mit einem zweifach erhöhten Übergewichtsrisiko im spĂ€teren Kindesalter, verglichen mit ausschließlicher Flaschennahrung, assoziiert. Diese Assoziation blieb auch nach Adjustierung auf eine Reihe von Konfoundern erhalten. Nach Adjustierung auf das Volumen an DBM, das die Kinder innerhalb der ersten Lebenswoche aufgenommen hatten, war jedoch kein unabhĂ€ngiger Einfluss der DBM-Aufnahme wĂ€hrend der spĂ€ten Neonatalperiode mehr erkennbar. Die Aufnahme von DBM wĂ€hrend der frĂŒhen Neonatalperiode hatte einen dosisabhĂ€ngigen positiven Einfluss auf Parameter der psychomotorischen Entwicklung. Gleichzeitig war jedoch ein dosisabhĂ€ngiger negativer Einfluss auf einen wesentlichen kognitiven Parameter, nĂ€mlich das Erreichen des Meilensteins Sprechen erster Wörter , zu beobachten. Im Tiermodell fĂŒhrte die ErnĂ€hrung mit der Milch diabetischer RattenmĂŒtter bei den Nachkommen zur Entstehung einer hypothalamischen Fehlprogrammierung im Sinne einer erworbenen neuroendokrinen Disposition fĂŒr Hyperphagie, Übergewicht und diabetogene Stoffwechselstörungen: Trotz unverĂ€nderter peripherer Konzentrationen von Glukose, Insulin und Leptin zeigten mit diabetischer Muttermilch ernĂ€hrte Tiere eine up-Regulation orexigener, d.h. die Nahrungsaufnahme und Körpergewichtszunahme stimulierender, und eine down- Regulation anorexigener, d.h. die Nahrungsaufnahme und Körpergewichtszunahme hemmender Neuropeptide im Nucleus arcuatus hypothalami. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Untersuchungen, dass bei Kindern diabetischer MĂŒtter die Aufnahme diabetischer Muttermilch in der frĂŒhen Neonatalperiode zu einer Erhöhung ihres spĂ€teren Übergewichtsrisikos und zu einer Hemmung ihrer kognitiven Entwicklung fĂŒhren könnte. Im Rattenmodell fĂŒhrte eine ErnĂ€hrung mit diabetischer Muttermilch zu strukturellen und funktionellen VerĂ€nderungen in hypothalamischen Kerngebieten, die fĂŒr die Regulation von Körpergewicht und Stoffwechsel von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Weitere Studien zu potenziellen positiven und negativen Folgen einer SĂ€uglingsernĂ€hrung mit diabetischer Muttermilch sind dringend erforderlich. Generell könnte Stillen mit seinen langfristigen Auswirkungen ein wichtiges Paradigma fĂŒr die perinatale Programmierung von Gesundheit und Krankheit darstellen.Breast feeding offers a number of short- and long-term advantages to mothers and their children. Many population-based studies have shown that, e.g., breast-fed infants are at lower risk of later overweight and associated disturbances than formula-fed infants. Furthermore, numerous studies point to an independent positive influence of breast feeding on psychomotor and cognitive development. Therefore, breast feeding could, as a measure of primary prevention, be of particular importance for offspring of diabetic mothers who are at increased risk of developing overweight and associated disturbances and often present with delayed psychomotor and cognitive development, as compared to children of healthy mothers. However, this has rarely been investigated before. Here, we carried out a two-part epidemiological study as well as a complementary experimental study to characterize consequences of ingesting breast milk from diabetic mothers. In the Kaulsdorf Cohort Study (KCS), a prospective cohort study in children of diabetic mothers, we investigated consequences of ingesting diabetic breast milk (DBM) on later overweight risk and on psychomotor and cognitive development. Childhood overweight risk was increased in children who had ingested more DBM during the early neonatal period (first week of life). Univariate analysis revealed that DBM intake during the late neonatal period (second to fourth week of life) was associated with a doubled risk of overweight in childhood. Adjustment for a number of confounders did not change this effect. However, after adjustment only for the DBM volume ingested during the first neonatal week no independent effect of late neonatal DBM ingestion was observed. Early neonatal DBM ingestion had a dose-dependent positive influence on psychomotor development, but showed a dose-dependent negative impact on an important cognitive parameter, namely on reaching the developmental milestone speaking first words . Cross-fostering normal pups to diabetic rat dams led to hypothalamic malprogramming in terms of an acquired neuro-endocrine disposition to hyperphagia, overweight, and diabetogenic disturbances: Despite unchanged peripheral concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin, offspring suckled by diabetic dams presented with an up-regulation of orexigenic neuropeptides, i.e., of those stimulating food intake and body weight gain, and with a down- regulation of anorexigenic neuropeptides, i.e., of those inhibiting food intake and body weight gain, in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Taken together, early neonatal ingestion of diabetic breast milk might increase later overweight risk and retard cognitive development in offspring of diabetic mothers. In the cross-fostering model, exposure to maternal diabetes during lactation through intake of diabetic breast milk led to profound structural and functional alterations in hypothalamic nuclei which are decisively involved in the lifelong regulation of food intake, body weight, and metabolism. Further studies on possible positive and negative consequences of infant nutrition with diabetic breast milk are urgently needed. In general, breast feeding with its long-lasting consequences might be an important paradigm of perinatal programming of health and disease

    Mitigating the Hubbard Sign Problem. A Novel Application of Machine Learning

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    Many fascinating systems suffer from a severe (complex action) sign problem preventing us from calculating them with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. One promising method to alleviate the sign problem is the transformation of the integration domain towards Lefschetz Thimbles. Unfortunately, this suffers from poor scaling originating in numerically integrating of flow equations and evaluation of an induced Jacobian. In this proceedings we present a new preliminary Neural Network architecture based on complex-valued affine coupling layers. This network performs such a transformation efficiently, ultimately allowing simulation of systems with a severe sign problem. We test this method within the Hubbard Model at finite chemical potential, modelling strongly correlated electrons on a spatial lattice of ions
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