Comment consolider la paix plus efficacement ?

Depuis le débutdes années 1990, la communauté internationale s’est beaucoup impliquée dans la reconstruction des Etats déchirés par la guerre et les violences. Aujourd’hui, les Nations unies sont à elles seules engagées dans plus de dix missions politiques de consolidation de la paix dans le monde entier. L’expérience qu’elles ont acquise dans les interventions postconflit s’étend du Cambodge au Guatemala, en passant par le Mozambique. Avec les opérations de grande envergure en cours en Afgha..

Für eine effizientere Friedenskonsolidierung. Interview mit Roland Paris

Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre hat sich die internationale Staatengemeinschaft zunehmend in Bemühungen zum Wiederaufbau von Staaten engagiert, die durch Kriege und gewalttätige Konflikte zerstört wurden. Heute führt die UNO allein weltweit über zehn politische Friedenskonsolidierungsmissionen durch, wobei sie sich auf die Erfahrungen stützt, die mit Wiederaufbauarbeiten nach Kriegen in Kambodscha über Guatemala bis Mosambik gemacht wurden. Mit den derzeit in Afghanistan und im Irak laufenden Grosseinsätzen stellt die Friedenskonsolidierung eine wichtige globale Wachstumsindustrie dar. Doch was wissen wir wirklich über ihre Effizienz bei Bemühungen zur Verringerung von Spannungen und zur Unterstützung des Wiederaufbaus nach Konflikten ? Roland Paris jüngstes Werk, At War’s End : Building Peace after Civil Conflict, (das mit mehreren Preisen, darunter der Chadwick F. Alger Award für das beste Buch über internationale Organisationen, ausgezeichnet wurde), untersucht vierzehn der wichtigsten von der UNO zwischen 1989 und 1999 lancierten Friedenskonsolidierungsmissionen. Paris stellt sich darin insbesondere die Frage, ob die vorherrschenden Modelle der Friedenssicherung, mit ihrem Schwerpunkt auf rascher Demokratisierung und Marktliberalisierung, in fragilen Nachkriegskontexten angemessen sind. Im nachstehenden Interview fragen wir (Development in Practice, DIP) Roland Paris (RP), was wir aus den vergangenen Friedenskonsolidierungseinsätzen in Bezug auf deren Effizienz als Mittel zur Verhütung neuer Gewaltausbrüche in Nachkriegssituationen lernen können

Plan de gestión de la continuidad de negocio en los servidores de bases de datos del departamento de informática de la empresa ACME

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad elaborar un plan de continuidad de negocio en los servidores de base de datos con el propósito de evaluar e identificar en qué casos los controles son suficiente o que procesos requieren ser mejorados, para posteriormente emitir las estrategias pertinentes y de esta manera mejorar los procesos en cuanto a la continuidad de los servidores de bases de datos en la empresa ACME

Forging Resilient Social Contracts: A Pathway to Preventing Violent Conflict and Sustaining Peace

‘Forging Resilient Social Contracts: Preventing Violent Conflict and Sustaining Peace’ is an 11-country research and policy dialogue project that aims to revitalise the social contract amidst conflict and fragility and to advance policy and practice for preventing violent conflict and for achieving and sustaining peace. The comparative findings provide evidence and insight into what drives social contracts that are inclusive and resilient, and how they manifest and adapt in different contexts, transcending what are often unsustainable, ephemeral elite bargains into more inclusive ones, with durable arrangements for achieving and sustaining peace. The project involves international scholars, policy advisers and authors from the countries examined: Afghanistan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Colombia, Cyprus, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan, South Africa, Tunisia, Yemen and Zimbabwe. The project activities reported on here took place from 2016-mid 2018 and include case research in these countries, a series of policy and scholarly dialogues1 and this summary. Future project work could include policy papers on critical themes emerging from the research, knowledge products featuring the case studies, and a social contract assessment tool. The project gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Oslo Governance Centre (OGC), the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) in Berlin and New York, the Julian J. Studley Fund of the Graduate Program of International Affairs at The New School in New York, in this work. This Summary Findings Report introduces the project context, the project’s research framing, and findings from nine of the 11 case studies.2 Numerous validation workshops and policy dialogues in the case study countries and elsewhere inform the findings. Policy recommendations for national and international policymakers are shared. These findings and recommendations provide a basis for deepened future research and related policy and project activity.https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_dcrs_facbooks/1048/thumbnail.jp

From Elite Bargains to (More) Open and (More) Inclusive Politics

This paper examines the pathways from post-conflict elite bargains towards (more) open and (more) inclusive politics. It identifies cross-cutting issues and draws out the implications of the analysis for external actors seeking to support more inclusive politics

Legal Empowerment and Social Accountability: Complementary Strategies Toward Rights-based Development in Health?

Citizen-based accountability strategies to improve the lives of the poor and marginalized groups are increasingly being used in efforts to improve basic public services. The latest thinking suggests that broader, multi-pronged, multi-level, strategic approaches that may overcome the limitations of narrow, localized successes, hold more promise. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities, in theory and practice, posed by the integration of two such citizen-based accountability strategies—social accountability and legal empowerment. It traces the foundations of each of these approaches to highlight the potential benefits of integration. Consequently it examines whether these benefits have been realized in practice, by drawing upon five cases of organizations pursuing integration of social accountability and legal empowerment for health accountability in Macedonia, Guatemala, Uganda, and India. The cases highlight that while integration offers some promise in advancing the cause of social change, it also poses challenges for organizations in terms of strategies they pursue

Power, Violence, Citizenship and Agency

Peace-building, state-building and democratisation efforts often focus strongly on the state, and follow the Weberian logic of states holding the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence. In doing so, they may be neglecting more recent and nuanced understandings of the nature of governance arrangements in fragile and conflict settings, and of the range and scope of citizen agency both in general and in such settings. This article presents a research programme on Power, Violence, Citizenship and Agency, which sets out to counter the state?heavy or at best ‘CSO?heavy’ approach of many aid agencies and peace?building change agents. Through a fresh look at relevant literature and theory and case studies in five settings marked by violent conflict, the programme seeks to construct the conceptual clarity and synergies that are needed to underpin shifts towards more citizen?centred perspectives among aid and change agents working in situations of chronic violence and fragility

Shifting power? : assessing the impact of transparency and accountability initiatives

Accountability and transparency initiatives have taken democratisation, governance, aid and development circles by storm since the turn of the century. Many actors involved with them – as donors, funders, programme managers, implementers and researchers – are now keen to know more about what these initiatives are achieving. This paper arises from a review of the impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives which gathered and analysed existing evidence, discussed how it could be improved, and evaluated how impact and effectiveness could be enhanced. This paper takes the discussion further, by delving into what lies behind the methodological and evaluative debates currently surrounding governance and accountability work. It illustrates how choices about methods are made in the context of impact assessment designs driven by different objectives and different ideological and epistemological underpinnings. We argue that these differences are articulated as methodological debates, obscuring vital issues underlying accountability work, which are about power and politics, not methodological technicalities. In line with this argument, there is a need to re-think what impact means in relation to accountability initiatives, and to governance and social change efforts more broadly. This represents a serious challenge to the prevailing impact paradigm, posed by the realities of unaccountable governance, unproven accountability programming and uncertain evidence of impact. A learning approach to evaluation and final impact assessment would give power and politics a central place in monitoring and evaluation systems, continually test and revise assumptions about theories of change and ensure the engagement of marginalised people in assessment processes. Such an approach is essential if donors and policy makers are to develop a reliable evidence base to demonstrate that transparency and accountability work is of real value to poor and vulnerable people. Keywords: Accountability, transparency, impact assessment, evaluatio

From damaged genome to cell surface: transcriptome changes during bacterial cell death triggered by loss of a restriction–modification gene complex

Genetically programmed cell deaths play important roles in unicellular prokaryotes. In postsegregational killing, loss of a gene complex from a cell leads to its descendants’ deaths. With type II restriction–modification gene complexes, such death is triggered by restriction endonuclease's attacks on under-methylated chromosomes. Here, we examined how the Escherichia coli transcriptome changes after loss of PaeR7I gene complex. At earlier time points, activation of SOS genes and σE-regulon was noticeable. With time, more SOS genes, stress-response genes (including σS-regulon, osmotic-, oxidative- and periplasmic-stress genes), biofilm-related genes, and many hitherto uncharacterized genes were induced, and genes for energy metabolism, motility and outer membrane biogenesis were repressed. As expected from the activation of σE-regulon, the death was accompanied by cell lysis and release of cellular proteins. Expression of several σE-regulon genes indeed led to cell lysis. We hypothesize that some signal was transduced, among multiple genes involved, from the damaged genome to the cell surface and led to its disintegration. These results are discussed in comparison with other forms of programmed deaths in bacteria and eukaryotes