ANÁLISES TRANSLINGUÍSTICAS NA 'ARS GRAMMATICA' DE DIOMEDES: OCORRÊNCIAS DE CODE-SWITCHING E VTRAQUE LINGUA | TRANSLINGUISTIC ANALYSES OF DIOMEDES’ 'ARS GRAMMATICA': OCCURRENCES OF CODE-SWITCHING AND VTRAQUE LINGUA

Este trabalho consiste em uma breve análise da gramática de Diomedes (séc. IV d.C.), sob um ponto de vista sociolinguístico, acerca do bilinguismo greco-latino. Após estabelecer as contextualizações histórica e sociolinguística do texto sob análise, a fim de ilustrar a dinâmica da coexistência das línguas grega e latina na sociedade da época, situação que se reflete, de certo modo, em um texto gramatical antigo, apresentamos e avaliamos os indícios textuais e conceituais que parecem decorrer de um possível caráter de bilingualidade atribuível aos seus leitores. Entre esses fenômenos, destacamos como mais relevante a ocorrência de análises translinguísticas, seja através do oferecimento de explicações que aproximam as duas línguas (utraque lingua), seja através da alternância de códigos (code-switching) no texto da gramática de Diomedes.Abstract: This article consists of a brief analysis from a sociolinguistic perspective of the Ars Grammatica of Diomedes (fourthcentury A.D.) concerning Greco-Latin bilingualism. After establishing the historical and sociolinguistic context of the text in order to illustrate the dynamics of the coexistence of Greek and Latin in contemporary society – a situation that is reflected to some degree in the ancient grammatical text – the textual and conceptual evidence that seems to be derived from bilingual characteristics attributable to its readers is presented and analyzed. The most relevant among these phenomena in the text of the Ars Grammatica of Diomedes is the ocurrence of translinguistic analyses through explanations that bring the two languages closer (utraque lingua) or through the interchange between codes (code-switching)

Estimating a theoretical model of state banking competition using a dynamic panel: the Brazilian case

In this paper we set up a model of regional banking competition based on Bresnahan (1982), Lau (1982) and Nakane (2002). The structural model is estimated using data from eight Brazilian states and a dynamic panel. The results show that on average the level of competition in the Brazilian banking system is high, even tough the null of perfect competition can be rejected at the usual significance levels. This result also prevails at the state level: Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and Minas Gerais have high degree of competition.O presente artigo propõe um modelo regional de competição bancária baseado nas contribuições de Bresnahan (1982), Lau (1982) e Nakane (2002). O modelo estrutural formuladoé estimado utilizando as informações para oito estados brasileiros e um painel dinâmico. Os resultados mostram que, na média, o nível de competição no sistema bancário brasileiro é alto, embora a hipótese nula de competição perfeita possa ser rejeitada aos níveis usuais de significância. De uma forma geral, este padrão também prevalece nos estados: Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco e Minas Gerais têm elevado grau de competição

A comparison of microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of WC-10Co4Cr - HVOF coating and hard chrome to use in hydraulic cylinders

In order to obtain a wear and oxidation resistant surface, hydraulic cylinders are commonly coated with electrodeposited hard chromium. However, due to the wear, this type of coating exhibits a gradual increase of the bearing area for the sealing elements, interfering in the lubrication of the hydraulic rod, causing damage to the sealing elements and, consequently, oil leakage. Currently, the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process appears as an alternative coating technique to Hard Chrome Plating, using composites (metal-ceramic), which provide low wear rates and a low friction. This work aims to compare the mechanical and tribological properties of hard chrome plated and WC-CoCr HVOF coated AISI 1045 steel for the use as hydraulic rods. The selected coatings thickness was in the order of 100-170 μm aiming to meet best wear test conditions, to facilitate the analysis of the microstructure, and to obtain better results regarding the hardness of each coating. Roughness measurements, hardness, bending and wear tests, including the measurements of friction coefficients were carried out for the coatings. Additionally, a microstructural analysis was performed by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated superior properties of the WC-CoCr HVOF coated steel in comparison to the chrome hard plated one, especially regarding roughness, friction and wear

Influence of neuromuscular fatigue on co-contraction between vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during isometric contractions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neuromuscular fatigue on vastus medialis and vastus lateralis co-contraction. Fifteen healthy young subjects performed an isometric leg extension test in two different condition phases: i) maximum test for determining the maximum voluntary isometric contraction, and ii) fatigue test for exercises executed at 50% of the maximum voluntary contraction in three distinct periods with seven-day intervals between the tests. To quantify the co-contraction between the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles, the signals overlapped and the intersection area was calculated. The data reliability was verified with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error measurement (SEM). Values of median frequency and root mean square for both muscles showed a significant difference between the beginning and the end of the test, which indicates occurrence of the neuromuscular fatigue. The median frequency and root mean square ICC values ranged from moderate (ICC .66) to high (ICC .74) reliability with low SEM both for vastus medialis and vastus lateralis. The co-contraction values in the beginning of the test varied from 0.76 to 0.77, with a moderate reliability (ICC .63) and with low SEM. In the neuromuscular fatigue condition, ICC values of co-contraction varied from .75 to .76, with low reliability (.14) and with low SEM. Therefore, there were no significant differences between the co-contraction behavior at the beginning and the end of the fatigue tests. Based on these results, it is understood that the neuromuscular fatigue does not alter muscle co-contraction between vastus medialis and vastus lateralis in maximum voluntary contraction tests

Evaluation of the replacement of commercial coarse aggregate by Attalea funifera Martius (Piaçava) in concrete manufacturing

In recent decades, technological advances and increased urbanization have instigated remarkable growth in the construction industry, and consequently an increase in environmental impacts both in obtaining raw materials and in the disposal of construction waste. Some studies are being carried out in Brazil for the application of natural fibers as a reinforcing element to produce concrete. According to these facts, the focus of this work is to comparatively evaluate the mechanical strength of commercial concrete with concrete produced with piaçava fiber sludge. Attalea funifera Martius, commonly known as piaçavas, is a solitary, thornless, erect, caulescent palm from the Aracaceae family. It reaches an average height of 8 to 15 meters with a stem diameter of 20 to 25 cm, having 8 to 10 leaves, each 9 meters long. Ten specimens were produced to carry out compression tests. Water, common Portland cement (CP I), sand, gravel and piassava obtained in the municipality of Barcelos-AM were used in the preparation. After curing the specimens, compression tests were carried out until the specimens ruptured. We also observed that the most resistant specimens were those produced with the addition of crushed stone, since the resistance of the specimen with crushed stone was approximately 22 MPa against 19 MPa of piaçava concrete. The main conclusions verified is that with the use of piaçava in the concrete mixture there is a drop in mechanical resistance, despite being a material that presents resistance to cracks, it does not have the same capacity as concrete with gravel as a coarse aggregate

Characterization of Effluents Generated During the Cleaning of Expansion Tanks Used to Store Raw Milk in Brazil / Caracterização dos Efluentes Gerados Durante a Limpeza dos Tanques de Expansão Usados para Armazenar Leite Cru no Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize the effluents generated during the cleaning of the expansion tanks used to store raw milk in Brazil. Fifteen expansion tanks were chosen and three samples collected from each tank, as well as measuring the temperature and volume. The biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acidity, pH, alkalinity, total phosphorus, nitrogen, fats and oils, hardness, turbidity and total dissolved solids were determined. The statistical design adopted was completely at random and the Scott-Knott test was adopted to compare the means that differed significantly according to the F test. The multivariate data analysis was also carried out and studied by the principal component analysis (PCA) and the grouping analysis for similarity, as represented by a dendogram. The effluents were not treated and some of them (26.7%) were discharged into water courses. The concentrations of the organic matter indicators and the results of the physicochemical analyses of the expansion tank washing effluents showed that the majority of the variables were above the legal standards established by Brazilian legislation. Thus an adequate destiny for these effluents is required. The PCA showed that the variables with the greatest influence on the characteristics of the expansion tank effluents were related to the COD and nitrogen concentrations. A total of 88% of similarity was found between the effluents of the 15 tanks. According to the concentrations obtained for the phosphorus, nitrogen, COD and BOD of the effluents, they could be treated by the wetlands systems.The objective of this study was to characterize the effluents generated during the cleaning of the expansion tanks used to store raw milk in Brazil. Fifteen expansion tanks were chosen and three samples collected from each tank, as well as measuring the temperature and volume. The biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acidity, pH, alkalinity, total phosphorus, nitrogen, fats and oils, hardness, turbidity and total dissolved solids were determined. The statistical design adopted was completely at random and the Scott-Knott test was adopted to compare the means that differed significantly according to the F test. The multivariate data analysis was also carried out and studied by the principal component analysis (PCA) and the grouping analysis for similarity, as represented by a dendogram. The effluents were not treated and some of them (26.7%) were discharged into water courses. The concentrations of the organic matter indicators and the results of the physicochemical analyses of the expansion tank washing effluents showed that the majority of the variables were above the legal standards established by Brazilian legislation. Thus an adequate destiny for these effluents is required. The PCA showed that the variables with the greatest influence on the characteristics of the expansion tank effluents were related to the COD and nitrogen concentrations. A total of 88% of similarity was found between the effluents of the 15 tanks. According to the concentrations obtained for the phosphorus, nitrogen, COD and BOD of the effluents, they could be treated by the wetlands systems

Development of a low-cost prototype: Pitot Tube designed to measure the mass and the volumetric flow rates of fluids

This study aims to develop a low-cost prototype to measure the mass and volumetric flow rate of fluids through the construction of a Pitot Tube. This meter must be able to measure the mass flow rate of air for different pressure values using only the water height level variation. For the development of the prototype, low-cost materials were used, in addition to some necessary tools. These experimental models are a didactic proposal for teaching and learning about the flow of fluids discipline, where it was verified that the experimental values found presented satisfactory results correlated with the theoretical concepts of an ideal fluid present in the literature. Thus, the Bernoulli and Torricelli equations were applied to assess the quality of the measurement method, to facilitate the learning of undergraduate students in the Production Engineering Course through conciliation between theory and practice in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory discipline classes. Finally, the prototype experiment was exposed to other students at the institutional event called “I Integrar Produção” held by UFRA at the Parauapebas Campus

Estudo comparativo de amostras de NiTi produzidas por metalurgia do pó

The NiTi is an equiatomic Nickel and Titanium alloy that presents excellent properties as biocompatibility, shape memory and superelasticity. The Laboratory of Metal Forming (LdTM-Ufrgs) is carrying out many different experiments aiming the production of NiTi alloys using conventional powder metallurgy (PM) and powder injection molding (PIM), the characterization and processing possibilities through metal forming. The use of NiTi alloy in medical devices is also being explored. This article presents a part of this project which is concerned with comparison between the chemical and metallurgical properties obtained in NiTi alloy from both processes (PIM and conventional PM). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), measurements of micro hardness and nanohardness, metallography, porosity evaluation and analysis of the chemical composition with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), were carried out to evaluate the material and the possibilities of the two different methods concerning the achievable properties. Key words: NiTi, conventional powder metallurgy, powder injection molding.O NiTi é uma liga equiatômica de níquel e titânio que apresenta excelentes propriedades como biocompatibilidade, memória de forma e superelasticidade. O Laboratório de Conformação Mecânica (LdTM - UFRGS) está realizando diferentes experimentos de produção da liga NiTi através de metalurgia do pó convencional e moldagem de pós por injeção, sua caracterização e processamento por conformação mecânica. O uso da liga de NiTi também é explorado em dispositivos médicos. Este artigo apresenta uma parte deste projeto que consiste na comparação das propriedades químicas e metalúrgicas presentes na liga de NiTi produzida por diferentes processos (MIM e metalurgia do pó convencional (P/M)). Análises de Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC), medições de microdureza e nanodureza, análise metalográfica, avaliação do teor de porosidades e análise da composição química por Espectroscopia de Raios-X por Energia Dispersiva (EDS), foram realizadas com o intuito de avaliar o material e as possibilidades dos dois diferentes métodos com relação as propriedades apresentadas. Palavras-chave: NiTi, metalurgia do pó, moldagem de pós por injeção

Ecossistema startup na visão de seus agentes / Startup ecosystem in the view of its agents

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a visão, conhecimentos e perspectiva que os agentes têm em relação ao ecossistema startup Buriti Valley em Boa Vista – RR. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória-descritiva, de natureza qualitativa. O instrumento de coleta foi um questionário estruturado com doze perguntas fechadas e uma aberta. Os resultados revelaram que 89,47% dos respondentes concordam totalmente com a afirmação de que o ecossistema startup é uma estratégica fundamental de desenvolvimento tecnológico, social e econômico. Mostrou, ainda, falta de conhecimento do que realmente é o Buriti Valley. Conclui-se que o ecossistema local precisa buscar formas de incentivar o envolvimento dos agentes