VERSO LO SVILUPPO DI UN SILLABO FRASEOLOGICO PER L’APPRENDIMENTO DELL’ITALIANO L2: ALCUNE PREMESSE TEORICO-METODOLOGICHE

Le combinazioni lessicali sono centrali nell’apprendimento linguistico perché possono essere elaborate velocemente (Siyanova-Chanturia, 2015) e il loro uso contribuisce a dare l’idea di fluenza in produzione (Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992). Tuttavia, l'acquisizione della competenza fraseologica in L2 è fonte di difficoltà per gli apprendenti. Nei sillabi per l’insegnamento della lingua italiana, inoltre, il lessico è generalmente presentato sotto forma di elenco di singole parole e la dimensione fraseologica risulta assente. Sarebbe quindi utile sviluppare un sillabo che tenga conto di questa dimensione. Come afferma Luoni (2016), nel sillabo gli item linguistici devono essere organizzati considerando la complessità dei processi comunicativi e dei processi di apprendimento e di acquisizione. Il sillabo fraseologico dovrebbe, pertanto, integrare funzioni comunicative e misure di complessità fraseologica. In questo contributo, presentiamo una riflessione teorico-metodologica che rappresenta la necessaria premessa per lo sviluppo di un sillabo fraseologico che tenga conto di misure di complessità fraseologica, definite tramite metodologie computazionali e psicolinguistiche, e di funzioni comunicative e argomenti caratteristici di ciascun livello di competenza. TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHRASEOLOGICAL SYLLABUS FOR LEARNING ITALIAN L2: SOME THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL PREMISES Lexical combinations are central to language learning because they can be processed quickly (Siyanova-Chanturia, 2015) and their use gives the idea of fluency in production (Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992). However, the acquisition of L2 phraseological competence is difficult for learners. Furthermore in Italian L2 syllabuses, vocabulary is often presented as a list of words and the phraseological dimension is usually absent. To fill this gap, a phraseological syllabus should be designed. As stated by Luoni (2016), linguistic items in the syllabus should be organized taking into account the complexity of the communication processes and the complexity of the learning and acquisition processes. Thus, the phraseological syllabus should integrate communicative functions and measures of phraseological complexity. In this article, we discuss the theoretical and methodological premises for the development of a phraseological syllabus that takes into account measures of phraseological complexity that are defined through computational and psycholinguistic methodologies and the communicative functions and topics that characterize each proficiency level.

Apparatus for synthesizing and separating synthesis products e.g. gaseous and liquid phases on bed, maintains heavier liquid phase at lower portion of first meatus due to gravity and lighter liquid phase at upper portion of meatus

NOVELTY - The apparatus has header that is set to make the heavier and lighter liquid phases flow along outer side surface of a third tube (8) as far as first closure element (13). The third tube is provided with second side openings for directly connecting the first and second meatus. The heavier liquid phase is maintained at lower portion of the first meatus due to gravity and lighter liquid phase is maintained at upper portion of the first meatus until the liquid phases fall into a fourth tube (9). The heavier liquid phase is collectible through a collection hole (12). USE - Apparatus e.g. reactor/separator for synthesizing and separating synthesis products e.g. gaseous phase and heavier and lighter liquid phases on catalytic bed, used in production of biodiesel. ADVANTAGE - Since heavier liquid phase is maintained at lower portion of the first meatus due to gravity and lighter liquid phase is maintained at upper portion of the first meatus, sedimentation separation of the liquid phases is improved. The structure of the apparatus is simplified and the apparatus is constructed easily. The efficacy and use of catalyst are maximized. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The apparatus has synthesis module (M1) that is set with a first tube (1) which is provided with an opening at one end and closed at second end by a mesh (7). The first tube is adapted to contain a catalytic bed (6). A separation module (M2) is set to separate heavier and lighter liquid phases and gaseous phase originating from the synthesis module. A second tube (1') is arranged adjacent to second end of the first tube. A first closure element is provided with a through hole for sole passage of the second liquid and of the gaseous phase. A third tube is affixed to first end of second tube. A first meatus is set between second tube and the third tube. The fourth tube is set inside the third tube so as to define a second meatus between the third tube and the fourth tube. A separation zone is set between the heavier and lighter liquid phases. A collection hole is set in the second tube to collect the heavier liquid phase. The third tube is set with first side openings at first end, and is set with a header for collecting the liquid phases originating from the synthesis module. The first meatus is directly inserted into the third tube and subsequently into the fourth tube. A control system is set between the liquid phases, to check and maintain interface level below the upper end of the first side openings. The control system has interface level indicator that is connected to the second tube by second side holes envisaged in side surface of the second tube. One of the second side holes is arranged in proximity of the first closure element and other is positioned above the upper end of the first side openings. The protrusions are arranged along cylindrical side surface of the third tube, and are separated by spaces for passage of the liquid phases from the header to the first meatus. A redistribution module (M3) is set to redistribute the lighter liquid phase and gaseous phase originating from the fourth tube. A fifth tube (1") is arranged adjacent to second end of the second tube. The closure element is set with a central perforated area. A sixth tube (14) is set to descent and release of the gaseous phase. The central perforated area is provided with several holes for homogeneous distribution of lighter liquid phase downstream of the redistribution module. The sixth tube is affixed to a second closure element (15). The mesh is provided with a passage area. The synthesis module, separation module and redistribution module are vertically-stacked. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for synthesizing and separating synthesis products e.g. gaseous phase and heavier and lighter liquid phases on catalytic bed, involves synthesizing on a catalytic bed and producing the synthesis products. The liquid phases and gaseous phase are separated in the separation module

Prognostic implications of functional mitral regurgitation according to the severity of the underlying chronic heart failure: A long-term outcome study

AimsTo examine the independent prognostic role of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and its impact across the severity of chronic heart failure (CHF) in a large population of outpatients with systolic CHF followed at two multidisciplinary clinics.Methods and resultsEchocardiography was performed upon enrolment in 469 CHF patients. Follow-up for death and heart transplant was updated on January 2007. Five-year transplant-free survival was 82.7 in patients with no or Grade I FMR, 64.4 in Grade II, 58.5 in Grade III, and 46.5 in Grade IV (P < 0.0001). There was a strong graded association between FMR and the long-term risk of death and heart transplant, which remained significant after multivariable adjustment (P = 0.0003). The association between FMR and events was strong and independent in patients with less severe symptoms and in those at lower overall risk based on a propensity score analysis, while it was not significant in patients with more advanced CHF or in the high-risk subgroup (P < 0.0001 for interactions).ConclusionThis study clarifies previous apparently discrepant results by demonstrating that FMR is an independent determinant of death and heart transplantation only in less severe CHF and in patients with a lower risk profile. This finding indicates that FMR plays a major role in the early phase of CHF, suggesting that this should be the focus of strategies attempting to reduce it. \uc2\ua9 The Author 2010

Apparato di sintesi su letto catalitico e separazione di fasi liquido-gas

none6Apparato di sintesi su letto catalitico e di separazione dei prodotti di sintesi comprendenti una fase gassosa e due fasi liquide, una fase liquida più pesante e l’altra fase liquida più leggera, l’apparato comprendente - un modulo di sintesi (M1) comprendente un primo tubo (1) provvisto ad una prima estremità di un’apertura e chiuso ad una seconda estremità da una griglia (7), il primo tubo (1) essendo atto a contenere al suo interno un letto catalitico (6); - ed un modulo di separazione (M2) per separare le due fasi liquide e la fase gassosa provenienti dal modulo di sintesi (M1), comprendente un secondo tubo (1’) disposto adiacente alla seconda estremità del primo tubo (1), comunicante con esso ad una sua prima estremità, ed avente ad una sua seconda estremità un elemento di chiusura (13) provvisto di un foro passante.noneBrucato A; Grisafi F.; Scargiali F.; Busciglio A.;Roccaforte F.; Di Lella EBrucato A; Grisafi F.; Scargiali F.; Busciglio A.;Roccaforte F.; Di Lella

A Low Temperature Growth of Cu2O Thin Films as Hole Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells

Copper oxide thin films have been successfully synthesized through a metal&ndash;organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) approach starting from the copper bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), Cu(tmhd)2, complex. Operative conditions of fabrication strongly affect both the composition and morphologies of the copper oxide thin films. The deposition temperature has been accurately monitored in order to stabilize and to produce, selectively and reproducibly, the two phases of cuprite Cu2O and/or tenorite CuO. The present approach has the advantages of being industrially appealing, reliable, and fast for the production of thin films over large areas with fine control of both composition and surface uniformity. Moreover, the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) active layer has been successfully deposited on the ITO/Cu2O substrate by the Low Vacuum Proximity Space Effusion (LV-PSE) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses have been used to characterize the deposited films. The optical band gap (Eg), ranging from 1.99 to 2.41 eV, has been determined through UV-vis analysis, while the electrical measurements allowed to establish the p-type conductivity behavior of the deposited Cu2O thin films with resistivities from 31 to 83 &Omega; cm and carrier concentration in the order of 1.5&ndash;2.8 &times; 1016 cm&minus;3. These results pave the way for potential applications of the present system as a hole transporting layer combined with a perovskite active layer in emergent solar cell technologies

Expression from cell type-specific enhancer-modified retroviral vectors after transduction: influence of marker gene stability

The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is increasingly used as a reporter gene in viral vectors for a number of applications. To establish a system to study the activity of cis-acting cellular regulatory sequences, we deleted the viral enhancer in EGFP-carrying retroviral vectors and replaced it with cell type-specific elements. In this study, we use this system to demonstrate the activity of the human CD2 lymphoid-specific and the Tie2 endothelial cell type-specific enhancers in cell lines and in primary cells transduced by retroviral vectors. Furthermore, we compare findings obtained with EGFP as the reporter gene to those obtained replacing EGFP with d2EGFP, an unstable variant of EGFP characterized by a much shorter half-life compared to EGFP, and by reduced accumulation in the cells. d2EGFP-carrying vectors were generated at titers which were not different from those generated by the corresponding vectors carrying EGFP. Moreover, the activity of a Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer could be readily detected following transduction of target cells with either EGFP- or d2EGFP-carrying vectors. However, the activity of the relatively weak CD2 and Tie2 enhancers was exclusively detected using EGFP as the reporter gene. These findings indicate that enhancer replacement is a feasible and promising approach to address the function of cell type-specific regulatory elements in retroviral vectors carrying the EGFP gene