Survival outcome and EMT suppression mediated by a lectin domain interaction of Endo180 and CD147

Epithelial cell-cell contacts maintain normal glandular tissue homeostasis, and their breakage can trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental step in the development of metastatic cancer. Despite the ability of C-type lectin domains (CTLD) to modulate cell-cell adhesion, it is not known if they modulate epithelial adhesion in EMT and tumor progression. Here, the multi-CTLD mannose receptor, Endo180 (MRC2/uPARAP), was shown using the Kaplan-Meier analysis to be predictive of survival outcome in men with early prostate cancer. A proteomic screen of novel interaction partners with the fourth CTLD (CTLD4) in Endo180 revealed that its complex with CD147 is indispensable for the stability of three-dimensional acini formed by nontransformed prostate epithelial cells (PEC). Mechanistic study using knockdown of Endo180 or CD147, and treatment with an Endo180 mAb targeting CTLD4 (clone 39.10), or a dominant-negative GST-CTLD4 chimeric protein, induced scattering of PECs associated with internalization of Endo180 into endosomes, loss of E-cadherin (CDH1/ECAD), and unzipping of cell-cell junctions. These findings are the first to demonstrate that a CTLD acts as a suppressor and regulatory switch for EMT; thus, positing that stabilization of Endo180-CD147 complex is a viable therapeutic strategy to improve rates of prostate cancer survival

AGE-modified basement membrane cooperates with Endo180 to promote epithelial cell invasiveness and decrease prostate cancer survival

Biomechanical strain imposed by age-related thickening of the basal lamina and augmented tissue stiffness in the prostate gland coincides with increased cancer risk. Here we hypothesized that the structural alterations in the basal lamina associated with age can induce mechanotransduction pathways in prostate epithelial cells (PECs) to promote invasiveness and cancer progression. To demonstrate this, we developed a 3D model of PEC acini in which thickening and stiffening of basal lamina matrix was induced by advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-dependent non-enzymatic crosslinking of its major components, collagen IV and laminin. We used this model to demonstrate that antibody targeted blockade of CTLD2, the second of eight C-type lectin-like domains in Endo180 (CD280, CLEC13E, KIAA0709, MRC2, TEM9, uPARAP) that can recognize glycosylated collagens, reversed actinomyosin-based contractility [myosin-light chain-2 (MLC2) phosphorylation], loss of cell polarity, loss of cell–cell junctions, luminal infiltration and basal invasion induced by AGE-modified basal lamina matrix in PEC acini. Our in vitro results were concordant with luminal occlusion of acini in the prostate glands of adult Endo180ΔEx2–6/ΔEx2–6 mice, with constitutively exposed CTLD2 and decreased survival of men with early (non-invasive) prostate cancer with high epithelial Endo180 expression and levels of AGE. These findings indicate that AGE-dependent modification of the basal lamina induces invasive behaviour in non-transformed PECs via a molecular mechanism linked to cancer progression. This study provides a rationale for targeting CTLD2 in Endo180 in prostate cancer and other pathologies in which increased basal lamina thickness and tissue stiffness are driving factors

Air assistance and spray volumes on the coverage, droplet density, and spray deposition in melon plants

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of air assistance on the coverage, droplet density, and deposition of the mixture volume applied to melon plants. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design set up in a 4 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement referring to four spray nozzles (AVI 110-02, TT 110-02, AVI 110-03, and TT 110-03), four mixture volumes (140, 200, 300, and 400 L ha-1), and two application techniques (with and without air assistance), at a constant working pressure of 300 kPa. Deposition analysis was performed by using a bright blue dye, and the coverage pattern and droplet density were analyzed using water-sensitive paper tags attached to the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf blade of melon plants. Air assistance in the spray boom improved the deposition of the mixture sprayed on melon leaves only when using nozzle TT 110-02, whereas nozzles TT 110-03, AVI 110-02, and AVI 110-03 were not influenced by air assistance. Coverage and spray deposition on the adaxial leaf surface increased with the mixture volume applied for all nozzles. The technique using water-sensitive tags is not efficient to evaluate droplet density when working with high spray volumes.This study aimed to evaluate the influence of air assistance on the coverage, droplet density, and deposition of the mixture volume applied to melon plants. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design set up in a 4 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement referring to four spray nozzles (AVI 110-02, TT 110-02, AVI 110-03, and TT 110-03), four mixture volumes (140, 200, 300, and 400 L ha-1), and two application techniques (with and without air assistance), at a constant working pressure of 300 kPa. Deposition analysis was performed by using a bright blue dye, and the coverage pattern and droplet density were analyzed using water-sensitive paper tags attached to the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf blade of melon plants. Air assistance in the spray boom improved the deposition of the mixture sprayed on melon leaves only when using nozzle TT 110-02, whereas nozzles TT 110-03, AVI 110-02, and AVI 110-03 were not influenced by air assistance. Coverage and spray deposition on the adaxial leaf surface increased with the mixture volume applied for all nozzles. The technique using water-sensitive tags is not efficient to evaluate droplet density when working with high spray volumes

Developing a system to control the air flow of a pneumatic sprayer

Air flow is of great importance in pneumatic sprayers as it is related to droplets sprayed size. Currently, there is a deficiency in regulating air flow in these sprayers. This work aimed to develop a system to control air flow of a pneumatic sprayer (Berthoud), and evaluate, in relation to air flow, power demanded by PTO and technical parameters of spraying (VMD, coefficient of homogeneity, percent coverage and droplets density), related to air flow. The diaphragm valve was projected using the software CAD, which was later made in galvanized steel and fixed to the fan air inlet. Air flow and power demanded on PTO was evaluated in eight diaphragm aperture positions (100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 and 30%), and also using water sensitive papers, parameters of spraying were evaluated through a range of 30 meters in five diaphragm apertures (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60%). At the end it was found that between aperture of 100 and 70%, the closing of diaphragm caused a decrease of 4.56% in air flow. From aperture of 60%, reduction of air flow was more evident, resulting in reductions in air flow of 14.08, 24.00, 35.37 and 47.09% for opening levels 60, 50 , 40 and 30% of diaphragm, respectively. The power demand decreased linearly as diaphragm was closed. The system proved to be efficient to control spraying parameters with reduction of air flow, it has also increased droplet size (VMD), therefore resulted in reducing droplets density. Coverage percentage was influenced only by distance, reducing it as distance from the spray nozzle increased. The coefficient of homogeneity decreased as increased air flow and distanced from the spray nozzle

Eficiência da pulverização utilizando ponta hidráulica tipo cone vazio a partir da análise espectral das gotas

The goal of this study was to evaluate, through the droplet spectrum, the quality of the spray nozzle hollow cone JA-2. Working pressures ranged from 633 to 1477 kPa, as recommended by the manufacturer. The spraying was accomplished using a Yamaho pump, driven by an 1,5 kW electric motor. The nozzles volumetric distribution uniformity was determined according to the coefficient of variation of all operating pressures recommended by the manufacturer . For the realization of the study, five nozzles were randomly selected from a set of twenty. The analysis of droplets spectrum was performed using a laser particle analyzer. The coefficient of variation presented values varying from 13 to 22% for pressures ranging from 633 to 1477 kPa. The diameter of the volumetric median reduced from 151 to 109 μm with increase of pressure from 633 to 1477 kPa. The terminal velocity of droplets decreased from 0.77 to 0.37 m s-1 for the pressure of 633 kPa and 1477, respectively.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la boquilla de pulverización de jato cónico vacío JA-2. Las presiones de trabajo oscilaron desde 633 hasta 1477 kPa, tal como recomendado por el fabricante. En la pulverización se usó una bomba Yamaho accionada por un motor eléctrico con una potencia de 1.5 kW. La uniformidad de distribución volumétrica de las boquillas fue determinada mediante la evaluación de los perfiles de los coeficientes de variación de distribución de líquido, teniendo en cuenta todas las presiones de trabajo recomendadas por el fabricante. Para este trabajo se eligió por sorteo cinco boquillas de un conjunto de veinte. La análisis del espectro de gota fue tomada utilizando un analizador de partículas por láser. El coeficiente de variación osciló entre 13 y 22% para las presiones de 633 a 1477 kPa. El diámetro mediano volumétrico se redujo desde 151 hasta 109 μm con el aumento de la presión de 633 a 1477 kPa. La velocidad terminal de las gotas disminuyó desde 0,77 hasta 0,37 m s-1considerando el rango de presiones estudiado.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade da ponta de pulverização de jato cônico vazio JA-2. As pressões de trabalho variaram de 633 a 1477 kPa, conforme recomendação do fabricante. Na pulverização, foi utilizada uma bomba Yamaho acionada por um motor elétrico com potência de 1,5 kW. A uniformidade de distribuição volumétrica das pontas foi determinada avaliando-se o coeficiente de variação dos perfis de distribuições de líquidos, considerando-se todas as pressões de trabalho recomendadas pelo fabricante. Para a realização deste trabalho foram sorteadas cinco pontas de um conjunto de vinte. A análise do espectro de gotas foi realizada utilizando se um analisador de partículas a laser. O coeficiente de variação variou entre 13 e 22%, para as pressões de 633 e 1477 kPa. O diâmetro da mediana volumétrico reduziu de 151 para 109 μm com o aumento da pressão de 633 para 1477 kPa. A velocidade terminal das gotas reduziu de 0,77 para 0,37 m s-1 considerando o intervalo das pressões estudado

Air and liquid volumetric distribution in vertical in a hydro-pneumatic sprayer

The objective of this research was to evaluate the air flow and spray vertical distribution produced by a hydro-pneumatic sprayer. The sprayer was attached to a John Deere tractor, model 5705. The rotation of the fan was set at 226.19 rad s-1 (2.160 rpm). The study was performed on both sides of the sprayer, with the intent of identifying possible asymmetries in the air flow distribution. Measurements of air speed were taken at three positions along the fan periphery. The uniformity of liquid vertical distribution was analyzed at pressures of 633, 844 and 1.055 kPa using a vertical collector placed two meters from the center of the fan impeller. The experiment was arranged in a randomized blocks design, with three replications. The air average speed, taken at the ventilation outlet was of 35.5 m s-1 and the average vertical speed taken at 0.5 meters from the bar was of 5.9 and 5.1 m s-1 to the left and right side, respectively. Variation coefficients for the vertical distribution volume were 136, 136 and 141% for the working pressures of 633, 844 and 1055 kPa, respectively.Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o fluxo de ar e a distribuição vertical da calda produzido por pulverizador hidropneumático. O pulverizador foi acoplado a um trator John Deere, modelo 5705. A rotação do rotor do ventilador foi de 226,19 rad s-1 (2.160 rpm). O estudo foi realizado objetivando determinar possíveis assimetrias na distribuição do vento. As medições da velocidade do ar foram feitas em três posições na borda do duto do ventilador axial. A uniformidade de distribuição de líquido na vertical foi analisada considerando as pressões de trabalho de 633, 844 e 1.055 kPa, utilizando um coletor vertical. O experimento foi montado no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. A velocidade média do ar tomada na saída do ventilador foi de 35,5 m s-1 e a velocidade média de ar na vertical tomada a 0,5 metros da barra foi de 5,9 e 5,1 m s-1, para o lado esquerdo e direito, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação para a distribuição volumétrica vertical foram de 136, 136 e 141% para as pressões trabalho de 633, 844 e 1055 kPa, respectivamente

Automatic control of the droplet spectrum of a hydropneumatic sprayer according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air

The principle of fractionation and droplets size are crucial for the success of pest control. This study aimed at developing and evaluating an automated system to control the spraying droplet spectrum according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. The automatic control system consisted of a temperature and relative humidity sensor, a microcontroller, a servomotor and a hydropneumatic sprayer. Spraying was performed on water sensitive paper labels arranged on wooden supports for different vapor pressure deficits in the air. After scanning and analysing the paper labels, three working pressures were selected (633 kPa, 844 kPa and 1,055 kPa) for use in the automated system. The results indicated that the controller efficiently maintained the droplets spectrum when spraying pesticides. Automation enabled the maintenance of the spray volume by altering the working pressure, according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. Spraying with the automated system presented a droplet spectrum quality superior to the one obtained by using the manual system at the pressure of 633 kPa

ESPECTRO DAS GOTAS PRODUZIDAS POR PONTAS DE JATO PLANO DUPLO DEFASADO COM INDUÇÃO DE AR

The spray nozzles manufacturers constantly offer new models in the market attempting to increase the application efficiency; however, the nozzles behavior is often unknown in relation to the produced droplets spectrum. Thus, this work was carried out aiming to evaluate the droplets spectrum provided by the AI3070-015VP and AI3070-02VP nozzles. These nozzle tips have two tilted sprays (30 and 70°) both with air induction. In the spectrum analysis, it was used the laser particle analyzer (Spraytec, Malvern Instruments Co.) which has a 750 mm focal lens. It was built a system to analyze the spray jets produced by the nozzles individually. The spraying technical parameters (DV0,1, DV0,5, DV0,9, Span Index, %V650 ?m) were performed in four working pressures (200, 300, 400 and 500 kPa). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized in a factorial scheme (2 x 2 x 4), two models of nozzle sprayer, two fan and four working pressures. For the AI3070-015VP nozzle, the tilted 70° spray produced droplets with coarser volume median diameter (VMD) comparing to the tilted 30° spray, whereas for the AI3070-02VP nozzle, the behavior was the opposite. The nozzles tested showed low drift potential, with %VOs fabricantes de pontas de pulverização constantemente disponibilizam novos modelos no mercado na tentativa de aumentar a eficiência das aplicações, entretanto muitas vezes seu comportamento é desconhecido em relação ao espectro das gotas produzidas. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o espectro de gotas proporcionado pelas pontas AI3070-015VP e AI3070-02VP. Estas apresentam dois jorros de pulverização defasados em relação à vertical (30 e 70°), ambos com indução de ar. Na análise do espectro, utilizou-se um analisador de partículas a laser (Spraytec, Malvern Instruments Co.) dotado de lente focal de 750 mm. Construiu-se um sistema para analisar individualmente os jorros produzidos pelas pontas. Realizaram-se as análises dos parâmetros técnicos da pulverização (DV0,1, DV0,5, DV0,9, Índice Span, %V 650 ?m) empregando-se quatro pressões de trabalho (200, 300, 400 e 500 kPa). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (2 x 2 x 4), sendo dois modelos de pontas hidráulicas dois leques e quatro pressões de trabalho. Para a ponta AI3070-015VP o jorro produzido com ângulo de 70° produziu gotas com maior diâmetro da mediana volumétrica (DMV) em relação ao de 30° ao passo que, para a ponta AI3070-02VP, o comportamento foi o inverso. As pontas testadas apresentaram gotas com baixo potencial de deriva, com %

Controle automático do espectro de gotas de pulverizador hidropneumático em função do déficit de pressão de vapor d’água no ar

The principle of fractionation and droplets size are crucial for the success of pest control. This study aimed at developing and evaluating an automated system to control the spraying droplet spectrum according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. The automatic control system consisted of a temperature and relative humidity sensor, a microcontroller, a servomotor and a hydropneumatic sprayer. Spraying was performed on water sensitive paper labels arranged on wooden supports for different vapor pressure deficits in the air. After scanning and analysing the paper labels, three working pressures were selected (633 kPa, 844 kPa and 1,055 kPa) for use in the automated system. The results indicated that the controller efficiently maintained the droplets spectrum when spraying pesticides. Automation enabled the maintenance of the spray volume by altering the working pressure, according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. Spraying with the automated system presented a droplet spectrum quality superior to the one obtained by using the manual system at the pressure of 633 kPa.O princípio de fracionamento e o tamanho de gotas são fundamentais para o sucesso do controle fitossanitário. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, desenvolver e avaliar um sistema automatizado, para controlar os parâmetros do espectro de gotas da pulverização, em função do déficit de pressão de vapor d’água no ar. O sistema de controle automático constituiu-se de um sensor de temperatura e umidade relativa, um microcontrolador, um servomotor e um pulverizador hidropneumático. A pulverização foi realizada em etiquetas de papel hidrossensível, dispostas em suportes de madeira, para diferentes déficits de pressão de vapor d’água no ar. Posteriormente à digitalização e análise das etiquetas, foram selecionadas três pressões de trabalho (633 kPa, 844 kPa e 1.055 kPa), para serem utilizadas no sistema automatizado. Os resultados indicaram que o controlador foi eficiente na manutenção do espectro de gotas da pulverização de agrotóxicos. A automatização permitiu a manutenção do volume de calda, alterando a pressão de trabalho, em função do déficit de pressão de vapor d’água no ar. A pulverização com o sistema automatizado apresentou qualidade do espectro de gotas superior ao sistema manual, à pressão de 633 kPa