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Banning open carry of unloaded handguns decreases firearm-related fatalities and hospital utilization.
BackgroundSince 1967, in California it has been illegal to openly carry a loaded firearm in public except when engaged in hunting or law enforcement. However, beginning January 1, 2012, public open carry of unloaded handguns also became illegal. Fatal and non-fatal (NF) firearm injuries were examined before and after adoption of the 2012 ban to quantify the effect of the new law on public health.MethodsState-level data were obtained directly from California and nine other US state inpatient and emergency department (ED) discharge databases, and the Centers for Disease Control Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Case numbers of firearm fatalities, NF hospitalizations, NF ED visits, and state-level population estimates were extracted. Each incident was classified as unintentional, self-inflicted, or assault. Crude incidence rates were calculated. The strength of gun laws was quantified using the Brady grade. There were no changes to open carry in these nine states during the study. Using a difference-in-difference technique, the rate trends 3 years preban and postban were compared.ResultsThe 2012 open carry ban resulted in a significantly lower incident rate of both firearm-related fatalities and NF hospitalizations (p<0.001). The effect of the law remained significant when controlling for baseline state gun laws (p<0.001). Firearm incident rate drops in California were significant for male homicide (p=0.023), hospitalization for NF assault (p=0.021  male; p=0.025 female), and ED NF assault visits (p=0.04). No significant decreases were observed by sex for suicides or unintentional injury. Changing the law saved an estimated 337 lives (3.6% fewer deaths) and 1285 NF visits in California during the postban period.DiscussionOpen carry ban decreases fatalities and healthcare utilization even in a state with baseline strict gun laws. The most significant impact is from decreasing firearm-related fatal and NF assaults.Level of evidenceIII, epidemiology
Strategies for estimating the marine geoid from altimeter data
Altimeter data from a spacecraft borne altimeter was processed to estimate the fine structure of the marine geoid. Simulation studies show that, among several competing parameterizations, the mean free air gravity anomaly model exhibited promising geoid recovery characteristics. Using covariance analysis techniques, quantitative measures of the orthogonality properties are investigated
Strategies for estimating the marine geoid from altimeter data
In processing altimeter data from a spacecraft borne altimeter to estimate the fine structure of the marine geoid, a problem is encountered. In order to describe the geoid fine structure, a large number of parameters must be employed and it is not possible to simultaneously estimate all of them. Unless the parameterization exhibits good orthogonality in the data, serious aliasing results. From simulation studies it has been found that amongst several competing parameterizations, the mean free air gravity anomaly model (i.e., Stokes' formula) exhibited promising geoid recovery characteristics. Using covariance analysis techniques, this report provides quantitative measures of the orthogonality properties associated with the above mentioned parameterization. It has been determined that a 5 deg x 5 deg area mean free air gravity anomaly can be estimated with an uncertainty of 1 mgal (40 cm undulation) provided that all free air gravity anomalies within a spherical radius of 10 arc degrees are simultaneously estimated
Weak boson production measured in PbPb and pp collisions by CMS
The unprecedented center-of-mass energy available at the LHC offers unique
opportunities for studying the properties of the strongly-interacting QCD
matter created in PbPb collisions at extreme temperatures and very low parton
momentum fractions. Electroweak boson production is an important benchmark
process at hadron colliders. Precise measurements of Z production in heavy-ion
collisions can help to constrain nuclear PDFs as well as serve as a standard
candle of the initial state in PbPb collisions at the LHC energies. The
inclusive and differential measurements of the Z boson yield in the muon decay
channel will be presented, establishing that no modification is observed with
respect to next-to-leading order pQCD calculations, scaled by the number of
incoherent nucleon-nucleon collisions. The status of the Z measurement in the
electron decay channel, as well as the first observation of W \rightarrow \mu
{\nu} in heavy ion collisions will be given. The heavy-ion results will be
presented in the context of those obtained in pp collisions with the CMS
detector.Comment: Quark Matter 2011 conference proceeding
Promote interculturalism, leadership communication, and professionalism in your students: Success with a corporate communication certificate
Business educators share a common interest in encouraging their students to improve intercultural, leadership communication, and professionalism skills to enable and promote increased fulfilment, character development, and advancement toward graduation, in addition to improving student employability after graduation. While career success depends on the standards and knowledge of character and behavioral traits, much more than on technical knowledge, these attributes define the qualities desired across various professions (Barnhart, 2013) in these three areas. For example, Holmes (2015) found that the values and communication rules of discourse systems may be different from that which is expected in the international workplace.A Certificate in Corporate Communication promotes the skillsets for interculturalism, leadership communication, and professionalism. With the positive feedback already received from several entities, including business executives; the student success of relevant development of skillsets for any business or non-business major; and the opportunity to showcase the communication courses to all students and programs at the University, the Certificate of Corporate Communication has already proven its success
Quantum state of the multiverse
A third quantization formalism is applied to a simplified multiverse
scenario. A well defined quantum state of the multiverse is obtained which
agrees with standard boundary condition proposals. These states are found to be
squeezed, and related to accelerating universes: they share similar properties
to those obtained previously by Grishchuk and Siderov. We also comment on
related works that have criticized the third quantization approach.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure
Separador de fragmentos (F.R.S.) como herramienta para el análisis de reacciones nucleares a FAIR (FAcility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe)
Cada dÃa la ciencia ha tenido que recurrir a la construcción de grandes instalaciones e instrumentos para realizar experimentos que permitan obtener información para que posteriormente sea analizada. En la fÃsica nuclear la creación de nuevas instalaciones ha venido creciendo a enormes pasos ya que para estudiar esta área de la fÃsica ha sido necesario construir aceleradores, espectrómetros magnéticos y detectores con el objetivo de obtener información experimental de sucesos a escala microscópica. En el presente artÃculo se hace una revisión acerca del proceso del diseño y construcción del espectrómetro de alta resolución magnética SUPER-FRS (Super-Fragment Separator) es resultado de una gran colaboración llamada FAIR en (Darmstadt) Alemania en las instalaciones del GSI con el fin de conocer la motivación cientÃfica que llevó a construirlo, su diseño técnico y trabajos que se han de realizar en él.Everyday science has had to resort to the construction of large facilities and instruments to carry out experiments that allow obtaining information so that it can be analyzed later. In nuclear physics, the creation of new facilities has been growing enormously since to study this area of physics it has been necessary to build accelerators, magnetic spectrometers and detectors in order to obtain experimental information of events on a microscopic scale. This article reviews the design and construction process of the SUPER-FRS (Super-Fragment Separator) magnetic high resolution spectrometer resulting from a great collaboration called FAIR in (Darmstadt) Germany in the GSI facilities with the In order to know the scientific motivation that led to build it, its technical design and work that has been done on it
NONLINEAR MODELS WITH REPEATED MEASURES FOR ANALYZING DISEASE PROGRESS IN PLANT EPIDEMIOLOGY
Nonlinear models are commonly used in plant disease epidemiology to model temporal changes in the proportion of diseased plants (disease index). Most of the times they are fit using linearizing transformations or nonlinear least squares. These approaches assume that the disease index has a normal distribution, that they are independent and that they have constant variance. None of these assumptions can be justified in disease indices. In this paper we apply different strategies to model the progress of papaya ring spot virus in papaya. Using the logistic model we compare different strategies using the SAS® System. Marginal (population average) and subjectspecific interpretations of the models are discussed
Stability and magnetic properties of T2Sin (T=Cr,Mn,1≤n≤8) clusters
First-principles studies on the geometry, electronic structure, and magnetic properties of neutral and anionic Cr2Sin and Mn2Sin (1≤n≤8) have been carried out within a gradient corrected density-functional framework. We find that Cr2Sin clusters containing up to five Si atoms and Mn2Sin clusters containing up to eight Si atoms are all marked by finite local spin moments at the transition-metal site that order ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically depending on the size and the charged state. Our studies of the variation in the binding energy upon addition of successive Si atoms and the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital indicate Mn2Si4 to be a potential motif for generating magnetic cluster-assembled material. While the individual Mn2Si4 motif has a ground state with antiferromagnetically coupled local moments, the studies on the assembly of two basic motifs show that it favors a ferromagnetic state. It is hoped that the present work will motivate examination of such assemblies in the recently developed cluster beam deposition experiments
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