Incidencia del Sistema Fiscal en México 2002–2012

ResumenEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar y generar indicadores de progresividad del sistema fiscal mediante un análisis estático de 6 años. El actuar del sistema fiscal es capaz de solventar el gasto público además de contar con la capacidad de redistribución del ingreso. Se analizan los tres principales impuestos (isr, iva e ieps), así como un pool de transferencias sociales, en el sentido de realizar un análisis de incidencia el cual sirva como herramienta para la evaluación de la política fiscal. Se emplea como fuente de información las Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares realizada por inegi, para los años 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 y 2012. Se imputan las figuras fiscales para realizar un análisis de progresividad a base de técnicas no paramétricas. El sistema mexicano se mostró ligeramente progresivo, ayudado también por las transferencias fiscales que el Estado realiza, siendo el isr el impuesto que aporta mayor progresividad así como equidad vertical al ejercicio fiscal, es decir, la diferenciación entre contribuyentes de distintos estratos. Se concluye con una serie de reflexiones.AbstractThis research aims to evaluate and generate indices of progressivity for the Mexican tax system using a static framework in 6 years. The action of the tax system is able to finance public spending in addition to the ability for redistribution of income. The three main taxes (isr, iva and ieps) and a pool of social transfers are used, in the sense to produce an analysis of incidence as a tool for the assessment of fiscal policy and its implications. The National Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by inegi is used for the years 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. We construct the tax figures for analysis of progressivity based on nonparametric techniques as the main sources of information. Results indicate that Mexican fiscal system was slightly progressive, also helped by the transfers made by the State. Income tax —isr- contributes more to the progressivity and vertical equity in the fiscal system, meanwhile revenues are low and vat induce certain degree of regressivity in the system during the period and affecting the contributors. It concludes with some ideas for policy and recommendations

El papel de las externalidades de capital humano en un modelo de crecimiento endógeno para México

A través de aproximaciones empíricas apoyadas en el modelo de crecimiento de Paul Romer y de la función de producción neoclásica tipo Cobb-Douglas, este trabajo incluye los factores propios de estos modelos a través de externalidades de capital para explicar el crecimiento económico en México. Se realizó un modelo de regresión de efectos fijos en el tiempo, empleando datos longitudinales para el período 2003-2008. Se concluye que el parámetro tecnológico es determinante para explicar el crecimiento del PIB mexicano, esto es, que la proporción de población con estudios superiores terminados influye directamente en el crecimiento económico del país. Las inversiones en ciencia y tecnología por parte de los estados mexicanos resultaron no significativas dentro del experimento realizado.Through empirical approaches supported in the growth model of Paul Romer and neoclassical production function Cobb-Douglas, this work includes specific factors such as externalities capital models to explain economic growth in Mexico. A panel data was constructed for 2003-2008 and a fixed-time-effects regression model applied. It is concluded that technological parameter is crucial for the growth of Mexican GDP, that is, the proportion of population with university degree directly affects economic growth. Investments in science and technology made by mexican states were not significatives within the experiment performed

La informalidad en la compra de alimentos de los hogares de Sonora y México

Se presenta un análisis del gasto en alimentos por lugar de compra en México y el casoregional del estado de Sonora. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la cantidad de gastomonetario que los hogares destinan al consumo de alimentos en la informalidad, al quese clasi1ca con base en la edad del jefe de familia. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional deIngresos y Gastos de los Hogares (+-.ED), se hace una clasi1cación de 25 grupos de productosalimentarios consumidos por las familias, se muestran los montos de gasto porcohorte de edad y se concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para futuros análisis.

Evaluación de la capacidad funcional mediante prueba de marcha de 6 minutos en niños con asma

Los pacientes con asma muestran menor tolerancia al ejercicio. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad funcional en niños con asma. ABSTRACT Asthma patients show lower exercise tolerance. Objective: Assessment of functional capacity in children with asthma

COYUNTURA ECONÓMICA, año 2, núm. 3, mayo-agosto 2020

La crisis económica que atravesamos actualmente ha causado la caída más fuerte de la economía a escala mundial de la que se tiene registro, debido a las restricciones a la movilidad y actividades productivas dentro de los diferentes países, que llevó a la caída de ingresos y también a la paralización de las cadenas de producción internacional. Según datos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), la economía de sus países socios cayó en promedio en (–) 11.7% del producto interno bruto (PIB) en los dos primeros trimestres, cifra cercana a la de los países de Norteamérica (T-MEC), donde fue de (–) 11.4% y menor que en la Eurozona, donde descendió (–) 14.9% . Se observa que, en el segundo trimestre de 2020, el PIB de México registró una caída de 18.9% respecto al mismo periodo de 2019 a causa tanto de la paralización de la economía debido al confinamiento para evitar la propagación de la enfermedad como de la caída de la cadena de demanda de parte de nuestros principales socios comerciales, Estados Unidos y China. El análisis de la baja por sectores muestra que la más fuerte se dio en las actividades secundarias (industria de la transformación), con un retroceso de 26.0%, seguida de los sectores terciarios (servicios y comercio) y primario (agricultura, panadería, pesca), con caídas de 15.6 y 0.7% respectivamente, todas medidas a tasa anual. Esta caída está por debajo de las de los países europeos, entre los que España y Reino Unido cayeron más de 20.0%, pero es la más alta en Améric

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Knowledge unlatched : enabling open access for scholarly books

Although digital technology has made it possible for many more people to access content at no extra cost, fewer people than ever before are able to read the books written by university-based researchers. This workshop explores the role that open access licenses and collective action might play in reviving the scholarly monograph: a specialised area of academic publishing that has seen sales decline by more than 90 per cent over the past three decades. It also introduces Knowledge Unlatched an ambitious attempt to create an internationally coordinated, sustainable route to open access for scholarly books. Knowledge Unlatched is now in its pilot phase

Redistribution of Taxes and Benefits in Mexico: Evaluation of the 2014 Fiscal Reform on Households

Se mide por primera vez el efecto redistributivo general del sistema fiscal mexicano con el enfoque de descomposición Duclos-Jalbert-Araar, que obtiene: equidad vertical, in - equidad horizontal ( hi ) y efecto de reordenación. La novedad reside en el uso de técnicas no paramétricas y que no se asume a ninguna relación funcional entre las variables. Se contribuye a generalizar una medición de qué tan progresivo y recaudatorio es el sistema fiscal actual de Méxicano y evaluar la situación simulada de la reforma fiscal de 2014. Los resultados determinan una progresividad relativa con un alto efecto de hi con la re - forma fiscal y un incremento de recursos tributarios en 5.2% y 3.7% del pib en impuesto sobre la renta e iva respectivamente

Progressivity and decomposition of VAT in the Mexican border, 2014

Se mide el efecto redistributivo general en el sistema fiscal mexicano y en su frontera norte con dos enfoques de descomposición. La novedad de esta aplicación reside en el uso de técnicas no paramétricas y el hecho de que no asumimos ninguna relación funcional entre las variables de análisis. Nuestro trabajo contribuye con una evaluación de la nueva reforma fiscal 2014 de acuerdo con el Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido (IVA) y sus efectos en los hogares. Se comprueba la existencia de un sistema fiscal con progresividad relativa pero alto efecto de Inequidad (HI), así como un aumento en los ingresos fiscales hasta lograr el 4 por ciento del PIB por el  lado del IVA de la frontera. Nuestro método analítico para descomponer la progresividad total medida por las contribuciones de los diferentes pagos por el IVA en bienes y servicios, nos permite concluir que tipo de productos se deberían o no de ser gravados con la tasa general