Víctimas, sociedad y proceso : La eclosión de lo humano

[ES] La intervención del autor en el acto inaugural del Curso 2014/2015 del IVAC/KREI da lugar al presente artículo. En él, el autor sostiene la relevancia de lo humano y el papel que juegan las víctimas mediante la aportación de elementos cruciales para la reforma del proceso penal. Asimismo, reivindica el objetivo comunitario de “desatar el poder de la memoria reflexiva” para aprender a ser ciudadano demócrata en Euskadi después de ETA.[EU] IVAC/KREIren 2014/2015 Ikasturtearen inaugurazio ekitaldian egileak izandako partehartzea da artikulu honen oinarri. Egileak alderdi gizatiarraren garrantzia eta biktimek prozesu penalaren erreformarako erabakigarriak diren elementuak ematearen munta defendatzen du. Era berean, “gogoetazko memoriaren boterea askatzean” datzan helburu komunitarioa aldarrikatzen du, ETAren ondoren Euskadin hiritar demokratikoa izaten ikasteko[FR] Cet article est fondé sur la communication de l’auteur à la cérémonie d’ouverture de l’année universitaire 2014/2015 de l’Institut Basque de Criminologie (IVAC/KREI). Il soutient la relevance de l’humain et le rôle que les victimes jouent par l’apport des éléments cruciaux pour la réforme pénale. L’auteur souligne également l’importance de l’objectif communautaire de « libérer le pouvoir de la mémoire réflexive » pour apprendre à être un citoyen démocratique au Pays Basque après ETA.[EN] The present article is based on the author’s presentation at the opening ceremony for the 2014/2015 academic year of the Basque Institute of Criminology (IVAC/KREI). The author defends the importance of the human perspective and the role victims play through the contribution of crucial elements to the reform of criminal proceedings. Furthermore, he supports the community aim of “unlocking the power of reflective memory” to learn how to be a democratic citizen in the Basque Country after ETA

Poetics in Translation: Make It New by Ezra Pound and Transcreation by Haroldo de Campos

The aim of this work is to present how translation became a poetics for the American poet Ezra Pound and the Brazilian Poet Haroldo de Campos. Both poets employed translation to expand their understandings about poetry but, at the same time, to create a new approach to the literary phenomenon by bringing together works of authors from many different geographies, epochs and languages. Pound started to write poetry following the rhythm of the Anglo-Saxon and then he took a different direction producing books with comments on his translations like Provençal troubadours and Chinese poetry. He spent almost 25 years translating the entire work of Confucius and after that period he published his last translations of Greek and Egyptian poems. Haroldo was an admirer of Pound and he shared his translation passion. He founded the Avant-garde movement of Concrete Poetry in Brazil and he did collective translations with the members of the movement. His specialization in languages prompted him to translate Avant-garde poetry from many different languages and then he moved to the classics like Dante, Goethe, Homer and the Bible. De Campos benefited from his academic position to obtain specialized advising for his translations. Furthermore, he elaborated a theory on translation following philosophical texts, that he called “transcreation.” He was convinced that the best poetry in all times is essentially Avant-garde

Health Risk Assessment Posed by the Mobile Source Air Toxics on an Urban to Regional Area

Air toxics are important health concern. The purpose of this research was to develop a protocol to predict exposure concentrations of air toxics and inhalation cancer and noncancer risk that come from different gasoline and diesel-fueled sources. The protocol was developed by linking the U.S. EPA’s Models-3/CMAQ model as the exposure model and toxicological and epidemiological evidence functions. The NEI version 3 for the year 1999 was used in this analysis for point, area, and non-road sources, whereas NMIM was used to create the on-road emissions. The year 2003 was used for meteorological data and as reference to compare the monitored concentrations to model performance. The modeling domain consisted of a 36 km domain. To demonstrate the system’s effectiveness, this study was performed on priority mobile sources air toxics (1, 3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and DPM), and was applied to Nashville, Tennessee using available air toxics monitored data. Ten emissions scenarios were selected in this study to compare the main results. This research on air toxics emission scenarios was based on relative analyses and estimates of absolute exposure concentrations and health risk values. The proposed protocol was demonstrated and can be used for decision makers in the quantitative assessment of new policies that will affect the public health and the air quality by air toxics. Eliminating emission source categories is clearly not a policy option, but rather helps gain a better understanding of the total magnitude of the health effects associated with these major sources of air toxics, principally of DPM. Higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposure concentrations occurred in the summer season, while benzene and 1,3-butadiene occurred in winter. DPM did not show a strong seasonality exposure during the year 2003 in Nashville. DPM generated the higher lifetime cancer risk excess among the other air toxics in Nashville, posing a cancer risk that was 4.2 times higher than the combined total cancer risk from all other air toxics. Those high cancer risk levels were due mainly to non-road sources (57.9%). For the on-road diesel fueled sources (DFS), the principal reductions were due to the DPM contributions generated by HDDVs rather than LDDVs. An evident positive synergism in the cancer risk reduction occurred when reducing diesel on-road and non-road source emissions simultaneously. The main cancer risk reductions from acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde (4HAPs) were due to the contribution of biogenic sources with 32.2%. This condition was followed for the scenario that did not consider on-road sources with a 27.5% of reduction. For non-road sources, the main reductions were due to the air toxics contributions generated by gasoline LDVs, principally benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The scenario 2020 showed a DPM and 4HAPs health effect reductions of approximately 32.8 and 19.4 %, respectively in Nashville. Higher cancer and non-cancer risks occurred on Southeastern urban areas due to long-term exposure to DPM, principally in Atlanta, GA, followed by Nashville, TN, Birmingham, AL, Raleigh, NC, and Memphis, TN. This research provided strong evidence that reducing ambient DPM concentrations will lead to improvement in human health more than other air toxics in Nashville, indicating that better technologies and regulations must be applied to mobile diesel engines, principally, over non-road diesel sources

Amerikanische Bekleidung. Semper’s technique in the work of Albert Kahn

[ES] Se plantea una relectura de la obra de Albert Kahn desde las diferentes teorías de Semper para responder a ciertos interrogantes presentes en su obra, como cuál es la razón principal para la enorme heterogeneidad existente entre su obra industrial y no industrial, o cuál es la relación entre la innovación técnica radical y la tradición presente en el conjunto de esta obra. Ambas preguntas, se pueden contestar desde el uso de dos herramientas proyectuales heredadas de Semper: el Bekleidung o principio de revestimiento y el Stoffwechsel. Se realiza un estudio paralelo de la obra de Kahn con otros arquitectos en los que hayan sido encontradas influencias de estas teorías de una forma unánime y documentada por parte de la crítica arquitectónica. Se analiza especialmente la vertiente industrial de la arquitectura de Kahn, ya que no es concebible que este tipo de influencia, tan evidente en sus edificios de oficinas, comerciales y públicos, no tuviera ninguna permeabilidad en su obra de espacios de producción. Para ello se estudian edificios que hacen de puente entre estas dos “tradiciones,” como el conjunto para la U.S Aviation School en Langley Field y el Natural Science Building en Ann Arbor entre otros.[EN] This paper proposes a reinterpretation of Albert Kahn's work through the architectural theories of Semper in order to answer certain questions that have persisted about his work, such as, what is the reason for the heterogeneity of his industrial and non-industrial work and what is the relationship between his radical technical innovations and contemporary tradition. Both questions can be answered by an analysis of Kahn’s work through design tools inherited from Gottfried Semper: Bekleidung, the coating principle, and Stoffwechsel. We establish a parallel study of Kahn's work and the work of other architects in which it is documented the strong influences of these theories. We focus in our analysis on Kahn's industrial architecture, since it is not conceivable that Semper’s influence, so evident in its office, commercial and public buildings, would not have any permeability in his industrial work. To demonstrate this influence, we examine buildings that bridge the gap between the industrial and non-industrial design such as the complex for the U.S Aviation School in Langley Field, Virginia and the Natural Science Building in Ann Arbor, Michigan, among others.Pancorbo, L.; Martín-Robles, I. (2020). Amerikanische Bekleidung. La técnica semperiana en la obra de Albert Kahn. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 7(2):31-58. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2020.11624OJS315872Bötticher, Karl. "The Principles of the Hellenic and Germanic Ways of Building." In In What Style Should We Build? The German Debate on Architectural Style. Introduced and translated by Wolfgang Herrmann. New York: The Getty Centre for the History of Art and Humanities, 1992.Ferry, W. Hawkins. The legacy of Albert Kahn. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970.Frampton, Kenneth. Studies in Tectonic Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1995.Ford, Edward R. The Architectural Detail. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.Hildebrand, Grant. Designing for Industry: The Architecture of Albert Kahn. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1974.Hübsch, Heinrich, et al. In What Style Should We Build? The German Debate on Architectural Style. Introduced and translated by Wolfgang Herrmann. New York: The Getty Centre for the History of Art and Humanities, 1992.Jordy, William H. American Buildings and Their Architects. Vol. 4, Progressive and Academic Ideals at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.Kahn, Albert. Albert Kahn: Architect Abroad. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Museum of Art, 1972.Mallgrave, Harry. F. Introduction to The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings, by Gottfried Semper. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Pancorbo, Luis, and Inés Martín-Robles. "El espacio como membrana. Albert Kahn y Mies van der Rohe." Ra. Revista de Arquitectura 16 (November 2014): 49-58.Rueda Jiménez, Óscar. Bekleidung. Los trajes de la arquitectura. Barcelona: Fundación Arquia, 2014.Semper, Gottfried. Escritos fundamentales de Gottfried Semper. El fuego y su protección. Edited by Antonio Armesto. Barcelona: Fundación Arquia, 2014.Webster, Julie L., Michael A. Pedrotty, and Aaron R. Chmiel. Historical and Architectural Overview of Military Aircraft Hangars. A General History, Thematic Typology, and Inventory of Aircraft Hangars Constructed on Department of Defense Installations. Champaign, Illinois: United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 2001

Mass and heat balances for biological nitrogen removal in an activated sludge process : to couple or not to couple?

Models adapt constantly, usually increasing the degree of detail describing physical phenomena. In water resource recovery facilities, models based on mass and/or heat balances have been used to describe and improve operation. While both mass and heat balances have proven their worth individually, the question arises to which extent their coupling, which entails increased model complexity, warrants the supposedly more precise simulation results. In order to answer this question, the need for and effects of coupling mass and heat balances in modelling studies were evaluated in this work for a biological nitrogen removal process treating highly concentrated wastewater. This evaluation consisted on assessing the effect of the coupling of mass and heat balances on the prediction of: (1) nitrogen removal efficiency; (2) temperature; (3) heat recovery. In general, mass balances are sufficient for evaluating nitrogen removal efficiency and effluent nitrogen concentrations. If one desires to evaluate the effect of temperature changes (e.g. daily, weekly, seasonally) on nitrogen removal efficiency, the use of temperature profiles as an input variable to a mass balance-based model is recommended over the coupling of mass and heat balances. In terms of temperature prediction, considering a constant biological heat generation term in the heat balance model provides sufficient information - i.e. without the coupling of mass and heat balances. Also, for evaluating the heat recovery potential of the system, constant biological heat generation values provide valuable information, at least under normal operating conditions, i.e. when the solids retention time is large enough to maintain nitrification

Prioritizing Water Distribution and Sewer Network Maintenance Activities

Asset management in water supply and sewerage infrastructures seeks correct planning and prioritization of the maintenance activities on their network elements. To determine the replacement priority for each network asset, an original priority model is utilized. It is based on a risk index that integrates both the probability and consequences of failure. Besides, when designing and performing work programs, water companies generally abide by the street’s topography and other urban elements, such as complete streets or street sections. This work considers street sections between the two nearest intersections as the operational unit

New Modulation Technique to Mitigate Common Mode Voltage Effects in Star-Connected Five-Phase AC Drives

Star-connected multiphase AC drives are being considered for electromovility applications such as electromechanical actuators (EMA), where high power density and fault tolerance is demanded. As for three-phase systems, common-mode voltage (CMV) is an issue for multiphase drives. CMV leads to shaft voltages between rotor and stator windings, generating bearing currents which accelerate bearing degradation and produce high electromagnetic interferences (EMI). CMV effects can be mitigated by using appropriate modulation techniques. Thus, this work proposes a new Hybrid PWM algorithm that effectively reduces CMV in five-phase AC electric drives, improving their reliability. All the mathematical background required to understand the proposal, i.e., vector transformations, vector sequences and calculation of analytical expressions for duty cycle determination are detailed. Additionally, practical details that simplify the implementation of the proposal in an FPGA are also included. This technique, HAZSL5M5-PWM, extends the linear range of the AZSL5M5-PWM modulation, providing a full linear range. Simulation results obtained in an accurate multiphase EMA model are provided, showing the validity of the proposed modulation approach.This work has been supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the fund for research groups of the Basque University system IT978-16 and in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the research program ELKARTEK as the project ENSOL (KK-2018/00040)

Three projects of Julio Cano Lasso in Fuentelarreina

[Resumen] El trabajo pretende abordar el análisis del método proyectual de Julio Cano Lasso y buscar relaciones entre su obra y las referencias externas a ella utilizadas por el arquitecto. Este objetivo general se ejemplifi ca a través del estudio de las herramientas proyectuales concretas usadas en los sucesivos proyectos realizados, junto con Juan Antonio Ridruejo, entre los años 1968 y 1976, para las Ofi cinas Centrales de Telefónica en Fuentelarreina. Estos tres proyectos, con un programa que va variando en el tiempo y con distintas localizaciones dentro de una extensa parcela, se desarrollan partiendo de esquemas organizativos completamente diferentes, que surgen sin embargo de un método proyectual homogéneo que hemos denominado «método referencial».[Abstract] This paper intends the analysis of Julio Cano Lasso’s design method and search for relationships between his work and the external references selected by the architect. It is made through the study of the tools used in three subsequent projects, done along with Juan Antonio Ridruejo, between 1968 and 1976 for the Telefónica Headquarters in Fuentelarreina. Th ese three projects, with a program that varies in time with diff erent locations within an extensive plot, are developed on entirely different organizational schemes, however arising of a homogeneous design method that we have called «reference method