Factores de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica

La enfermedad renal crónica es una patología muy frecuente asociado con múltiples coomorbilidades.La fisiopatología del daño endotelial es diferente en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica y en este es un campo de investigación en la actualidad. El propósito de esta revisión es analizar la evidencia actual alrededor de los diferentes factores de riesgo asociados con la aparición de enfermedad renal crónica

Clinical characteristics of the intensive care patients at the Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio with acute renal failure and factors associated with mortality

Introducción: la insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI), por lo cual, la identificación de los factores de riesgo y su manejo temprano y oportuno, implicarían optimización de recursos, mejoría en la calidad de la atención y disminución de complicaciones y morbimortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) con IRA y cuáles podrían ser los factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo de una serie de casos, de una muestra por conveniencia de todos los pacientes mayores de 15 años que ingresaron a la UCI del HUSI de Bogotá y desarrollaron IRA. Se definió IRA como: niveles de creatinina sérica mayor de 1.4 mg/dL (hombre) y mayor de 1.2 mg/dL (mujer) o cuando desarrollaron oliguria; gasto urinario menor de 400 cc en 24 horas, o aumento del 50% de la creatinina con respecto a su ingreso. Las variables incluidas al ingreso de los pacientes fueron: edad, sexo, Apache, TISS, SOFA, indicación de UCI, morbilidades asociadas o presentes, infección, sitio de infección, valores de azoados, electrolitos: sodio y potasio, gases arteriales (pH y bicarbonato), relación entre la presión arterial de oxígeno y la fracción inspirada de oxígeno, uso de vasopresores: (dopamina dosis > de 5 µg/kg/min, noradrenalina dosis > 0.1 µg/kg/min) y cuantificación de diuresis. Resultados: entre junio 1o. y diciembre 1o. de 2006 se estudiaron 253 pacientes que ingresaron a la UCI que luego desarrollaron IRA, de los cuales el 56% fueron hombres y 60.3% requirió soporte vasopresor. Los diagnósticos de ingreso más frecuentes fueron choque séptico y síndrome coronario agudo en 35 pacientes (13.83%) en cada patología. La mortalidad fue de 13.4% en este grupo. El análisis exploratorio de las variables al ingreso a UCI mostró aumento de la mortalidad por la presencia de soporte ventilatorio, infección pulmonar, uso de vasopresores, específicamente noradrenalina, alteraciones en los niveles de sodio y potasio, niveles de APACHE mayores de 20 y de SOFA mayor de seis, así como la presencia de morbilidades asociadas. Conclusiones: después de ajustar un modelo de regresión logística controlado por otras variables independientes, las únicas variables asociadas con mortalidad fueron: necesidad de ventilación mecánica, Apache mayor de 20, SOFA mayor de 6 y anormalidades en sodio.Introduction: acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most frequent complications found in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In order to optimize resources, to improve the quality of patient care, and to reduce complications and morbidity-mortality, it is therefore important to identify risk factors and to implement early and timely management measures. Objective: to identify the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to the ICU of Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio (HUSI) with ARF, as well as the risk factors possibly associated with mortality. Materials and methods: a prospective study of a convenience sample of all patients aged 15 years or older admitted to the ICU of HUSI who developed ARF. ARF was defined as serum creatinin levels greater than 1.4 mg/dL (male) or greater than 1.2 mg/dL (female), or when the patient developed oliguria (urine output less than 400 ml in 24 hours), or a 50% increase in creatinin levels with respect to admission. The variables included at the moment of admission were: age, sex, APACHE, TISS, SOFA, indication for admission to ICU, comorbidities, infection, site of infection, azotemia values, electrolytes (sodium and potassium), arterial blood gases (pH and bicarbonate), relationship between PaO2 and FiO2, use of vasopressors (dopamine > 5 µg/kg/min, noradrenalin > 0.1 µg/kg/min), and urine output. Results: during the period from June 1 to December 1 2006, 253 patients admitted to the ICU who afterwards developed ARF were studied. 56% were males and 60.3% required vasopressors. The most frequent diagnoses on admission were septic shock and acute coronary syndrome, with 35 patients each (13.83%). Mortality was 13.4% in this group. Exploratory analysis of the variables on admission to the ICU showed increased mortality associated with mechanical ventilation, pulmonary infection, use of vasopressors (specifically noradrenalin), altered sodium and potassium levels, APACHE scores greater than 20 and SOFA greater than 6, as well as comorbidities. Conclusions: after adjusting a logistic regression model controlled by other independent variables, the only variables found to be associated with mortality were: need for mechanical ventilation, APACHE score greater than 20, SOFA score greater than 6, and abnormal sodium levels.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2023-785Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-749XN/

Dynamics of a self-gravitating neutron source

We examine the dynamics of a self--gravitating magnetized neutron gas as a source of a Bianchi I spacetime described by the Kasner metric. The set of Einstein-Maxwell field equations can be expressed as a dynamical system in a 4-dimensional phase space. Numerical solutions of this system reveal the emergence of a point--like singularity as the final evolution state for a large class of physically motivated initial conditions. Besides the theoretical interest of studying this source in a fully general relativistic context, the resulting idealized model could be helpful in understanding the collapse of local volume elements of a neutron gas in the critical conditions that would prevail in the center of a compact object.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, JHEP style, published versio

Regional age structure, human capital and innovation - is demographic ageing increasing regional disparities?

Demographic change is expected to affect labour markets in very different ways on a regional scale. The objective of this paper is to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of recent distributional changes in the workers age structure, innovation output and skill composition for German regions by conducting an Exploratory Space-Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). Beside commonly used tools, we apply newly developed approaches which allow investigating the space-time dynamics of the spatial distributions. We include an analysis of the joint distributional dynamics of the patenting variable with the remaining interest variables. Overall, we find strong clustering tendencies for the demographic variables and innovation that constitute a great divide across German regions. The detected clusters partly evolve over time and suggest a demographic polarization trend among regions that may further reinforce the observed innovation divide in the future

Challenges in the synthesis of corannulene-based non-planar nanographenes on Au(111) surfaces

The on-surface synthesis of non-planar nanographenes is a challenging task. Herein, with the aid of bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy (BRSTM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we present a systematic study aiming at the fabrication of corannulene-based nanographenes via intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation on a Au(111) surface. The formation of non-planar targeted products is confirmed to be energetically unfavorable compared to the formation of planar/quasi-planar undesired competing monomer products. In addition, the activation of intermolecular coupling further inhibits the formation of the final targeted product. Although it was not possible to access the corannulene moiety by means of on-surface synthesis, partial cyclodehydrogenation of the molecular precursors was demonstrated.This work was financially supported by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (PID2019-107338RB-C62, PID2019-107338RB-C63, PID2019-110037GB-I00 and MAT2016-78293-C6; AEI/FEDER, UE), the Basque Government (IT-1255-19), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Program (Grant No. 863098), the Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigacion de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022, ED431G 2019/03), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF), and European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the project MEMO (Grant No. 766864).Peer reviewe

Liver Enzyme Alterations in HCV-Monoinfected and HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in developed countries and co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is frequent in individuals with history of injecting drug use (IDU)

The dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) trial: baseline characteristics

Background: The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD; NCT03036150) trial was designed to assess the effect of the sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin on kidney and cardiovascular events in participants with CKD with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). This analysis reports the baseline characteristics of those recruited, comparing them with those enrolled in other trials. Methods: In DAPA-CKD, 4304 participants with a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥200 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 25 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 were randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily or placebo. Mean eGFR was 43.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR was 949 mg/g (108 mg/mmol). Results: Overall, 2906 participants (68%) had a diagnosis of T2D and of these, 396 had CKD ascribed to a cause other than diabetes. The most common causes of CKD after diabetes (n = 2510) were ischaemic/hypertensive nephropathy (n = 687) and chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 695), of which immunoglobulin A nephropathy (n = 270) was the most common. A total of 4174 participants (97%) were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, 1882 (43.7%) diuretics, 229 (5.3%) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and 122 (2.8%) glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. In contrast to the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE), the DAPA-CKD trial enrolled participants with CKD due to diabetes and to causes other than diabetes. The mean eGFR of participants in the DAPA-CKD trial was 13.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower than in CREDENCE, similar to that in the Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in DKD (FIDELIO-DKD) trial and the Study Of diabetic Nephropathy with AtRasentan (SONAR). Conclusions: Participants with a wide range of underlying kidney diseases receiving renin–angiotensin system blocking therapy have been enrolled in the DAPA-CKD trial. The trial will examine the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in participants with CKD Stages 2–4 and increased albuminuria, with and without T2D