Effectiveness of composite resin polymerization using light- emitting diodes (LEDs) or halogen-based light-curing units Efetividade de polimerização de uma resina composta fotopolimerizada por diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) ou luz halógena

ABSTRACT: The clinical performance of composite resins is greatly influenced by the quality of the light-curing unit used. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of a commercial light-emitting diode (LED) with that of a halogen-based light-curing unit by means of dye penetration of a micro hybrid composite resin. The composite resin evaluated was Filtek Z250 (3M Dental). The composite was filled into acrylic moulds that were randomly polymerized for 40 seconds by each of the light-emitting systems: light-emitting diode Ultraled (Dabi Atlante) or halogen light Degulux (Degussa Hüls) curing units. Immediately after polymerization, each specimen was individually immersed in 1 ml of 2% methylene blue solution at 37°C ± 2°C. After 24 hours, the specimens were rinsed under running distilled water for 1 minute and stored at 37°C ± 2°C at relative humidity for 24 hours. The composite resins were removed from the moulds and individually triturated before being immersed in new test tubes containing 1 ml of absolute alcohol for 24 hours. The solutions were filtered and centrifuged for 3 minutes at 4,000 rpm and the supernatant was used to determine absorbance in a spectrophotometer at 590 nm. To verify the differences between groups polymerized by LED or halogen light t-test was applied. No significant differences were found between composite resins light-cured by LED or halogen light-curing unit (p > 0.05). The commercially LED-based light-curing unit is as effective to polymerize hybrid composite resins as the halogen-based unit. DESCRIPTORS: Composite resins; Spectrophotometry. RESUMO: A longevidade clínica das resinas compostas é grandemente influenciada pela qualidade do aparelho fotopolimerizador utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficácia de um aparelho fotopolimerizador de diodos emissores de luz e a de um de luz halógena através do grau de penetração de um corante em uma resina composta micro-híbrida. A resina composta utilizada (Filtek Z250/3M Dental) foi inserida em matrizes acrílicas e fotopolimerizada por 40 segundos por um aparelho fotopolimerizador de diodos emissores de luz (Ultraled/Dabi Atlante) ou de luz halógena (Degulux/Degussa Hüls). Imediatamente depois, os corpos-de-prova foram imersos em 1 ml de solução de azul de metileno a 2% e mantidos em estufa a 37°C ± 2°C. Após 24 horas, foram lavados com água corrente destilada por 1 minuto e armazenados em estufa a 37°C ± 2°C em umidade relativa por 24 horas. As resinas compostas foram removidas das matrizes, individualmente trituradas e imersas em 1 ml de álcool absoluto por 24 horas. As soluções foram filtradas e centrifugadas por 3 minutos a 4.000 rpm, e o sobrenadante foi utilizado para determinar a absorbância em um espectrofotômetro a 590 nm. O teste t foi aplicado para verificar as diferenças entre os grupos. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos fotopolimerizados por diodos emissores de luz ou luz halógena (p > 0,05). O aparelho fotopolimerizador de diodos emissores de luz apresentou a mesma efetividade em polimerizar uma resina composta micro-híbrida quanto o de luz halógena

Wet-bonding technique with ethanol may reduce protease activity in dentin-resin interface following application of universal adhesive system

Greater degradation of the hybrid layer is expected when a universal adhesive system is used, especially ie conventional application strategy. Therefore, it would important to evaluate the effect of the ethanol (ETH) and a potential matrix protease inhibitor (caffeic acid phenethyl ester/ CAPE) to maximize the ability to achieve stable dentin bond strength. The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of ETH on a wet-bonding technique, and dentin pretreatments with different concentrations of CAPE in ethanolic solution, followed by application of a universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal) to inhibit proteolytic activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dentin blocks were allocated to eight experimental groups according to the strategy (total-etch our self-etch) and treatments: ETH, or dentin pretreatment with CAPE (at 0.5%, 2.5%; and 5.0%). Half of each block (each hemiblock) served as the control (without dentin pretreatments) for the same group. The bonding strategy was performed (adhesive system/ restoration with composite resin). Two slices were obtained from each hemiblock and evaluated using in situ zymography. The proteolytic activity was analyzed by quantifying the green photons of the images obtained under a fluorescence microscope in three dentin locations close to the dentin-resin interface: hybrid layer (HL), underlying dentin (UD) and deep dentin (DD). RESULTS: Wilcoxon tests (for comparison between experimental and control groups) and Friedman and Nemenyi tests (for comparisons between interface locations) showed that there was no difference between the groups with different CAPE concentrations and the respective control groups (p>0.05). ETH reduced the proteolytic activity at the HL and UD (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The wet-bonding technique with ETH proved effective in reducing the proteolytic activity. The use of CAPE in different concentrations solubilized in ethanol did not have a favorable effect on proteolytic inhibition. Key words:Adhesives, Hybrid layer, Dentin, Metalloproteinases

Titanium dioxide nanotubes incorporated into bleaching agents: physicochemical characterization and enamel color change

Titanium dioxide nanotubes are nanostructures that can accelerate the oxidation reaction of bleaching procedures and promote a more effective whitening effect. Objective: This study evaluated physicochemical properties of bleaching agents incorporated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, and the effects on tooth color change at different periods. Methodology: 40 premolars were treated according to the following groups (n=10): CP - 10% carbamide peroxide (1 hour daily/21 days); CPN - CP incorporated into TiO2; HP - 40% hydrogen peroxide (three 40-minute sessions/7 days apart); HPN - HP incorporated into TiO2. Color shade was evaluated at five different periods (baseline, after 7, 14 and 21 days of bleaching, and 7 days after end of treatment) according to Vita Classical, CIELab and CIEDE2000 scales. Mean particle size (P), polydispersity (PO) and zeta potential (ZP) were evaluated using dynamic light scattering. Data on the different variables were analyzed by mixed model tests for measures repeated in time (ZP e L*), generalized linear models for measures repeated in time (P, PO, Vita Classical and b*), and Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests (a* and color change/ΔE and ΔE00). Results: CP and CPN presented higher P, higher PO and lower ZP than HP and HPN (p≤0.05). All groups showed a significant decrease in Vita Classical color scores after 7 days of bleaching (p&lt;0.05), and HPN presented a greater significant reduction than the other groups. L* increased in TiO2 presence, in all groups, without any differences (p&gt;0.05) in bleaching time. A significant reduction occurred in the a* and b* values for all the groups, and HPN presented lower a* and b* values (p&lt;0.05) than CPN. ΔE was clinically noticeable after 7 days, in all groups, and all groups resulted in a perceptible color change according to ΔE00. Conclusion:TiO2 did not influence physicochemical properties of the bleaching agents. HPN presented more effective tooth bleaching than CP

Waiting Time for Coronal Preparation and the Influence of Different Cements on Tensile Strength of Metal Posts

This study aimed to assess the effect of post-cementation waiting time for core preparation of cemented cast posts and cores had on retention in the root canal, using two different luting materials. Sixty extracted human canines were sectioned 16 mm from the root apex. After cast nickel-chromium metal posts and cores were fabricated and luted with zinc phosphate (ZP) cement or resin cement (RC), the specimens were divided into 3 groups (n = 10) according to the waiting time for core preparation: no preparation (control), 15 minutes, or 1 week after the core cementation. At the appropriate time, the specimens were subjected to a tensile load test (0.5 mm/min) until failure. Two-way ANOVA (time versus cement) and the Tukey tests (P < 0.05) showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) tensile strength values for the ZP cement groups than for the RC groups. Core preparation and post-cementation waiting time for core recontouring did not influence the retention strength. ZP was the best material for intraradicular metal post cementation

Evaluation of bond strength of silorane and methacrylate based restorative systems to dentin using different cavity models

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin of two different restorative systems: silorane-based (P90), and methacrylate-based (P60), using two cavity models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Occlusal enamel of 40 human third molars was removed to expose flat dentin surface. Class I cavities with 4 mm mesial-distal width, 3 mm buccal-lingual width and 3 mm depth (C-factor=4.5) were prepared in 20 teeth, which were divided into two groups (n=10) restored with P60 and P90, bulk-filled after dentin treatment according to manufacturer's instructions. Flat buccal dentin surfaces were prepared in the 20 remaining teeth (C-factor=0.2) and restored with resin blocks measuring 4x3x3 mm using the two restorative systems (n=10). The teeth were sectioned into samples with area between 0.85 and 1.25 mm2 that were submitted to µTBS testing, using a universal testing machine (EMIC) at speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fractured specimens were analyzed under stereomicroscope and categorized according to fracture pattern. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey Kramer tests. RESULTS: For flat surfaces, P60 obtained higher bond strength values compared with P90. However, for Class I cavities, P60 showed significant reduction in bond strength (p;0.05), or between Class I Cavity and Flat Surface group, considering P90 restorative system (p>;0.05). Regarding fracture pattern, there was no statistical difference among groups (p=0.0713) and 56.3% of the fractures were adhesive. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that methacrylate-based composite µTBS was influenced by cavity models, and the use of silorane-based composite led to similar bond strength values compared to the methacrylate-based composite in cavities with high C-factor

Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin

Objective Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor; however, its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin has never been reported. Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two MMP inhibitors (2% chlorhexidine and 2% green tea extract), applied after acid etching, on bond durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin. Material and Methods Occlusal enamel was removed from third molars to expose the dentin surface, and the molars were submitted to a caries induction protocol for 15 days. After removal of infected dentin, specimens were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid (15 seconds) and randomly divided into three groups, according to the type of dentin pretreatment (n=10): NT: no treatment; GT: 2% green tea extract; CLX: 2% chlorhexidine. The etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Adper™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions, and composite resin restorations were built on the dentin. After 24 hours, at 37°C, the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks (0.8 mm2 of adhesive area) and randomly subdivided into two groups according to when they were to be submitted to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing: immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water. Data were reported in MPa and submitted to two-way ANOVA for completely randomized blocks, followed by Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results After 24 hours, there was no significant difference in the μTBS of the groups. After 6 months, the GT group had significantly higher μTBS values. Conclusion It was concluded that the application of 2% green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the etch-and-rinse system to dentin. Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non-treatment (NT - control) had any effect on bond strength after water storage

Influência da aplicação do laser de ND: yag na durabilidade de adesão de um sistema adesivo universal à dentina humana

Pesquisas sobre pré-tratamento da dentina têm sido desenvolvidas a fim de minimizar os efeitos da degradação da interface adesiva e aumentar a longevidade da adesão. A irradiação com laser Neodmiyum: ítrio-aliminum granada (Nd:YAG) promove alterações morfológicas e estruturais na dentina que podem favorecer a estabilidade da resistência de união ao longo do tempo. Este trabalho visou avaliar, in vitro, o efeito do uso do laser de Nd:YAG na resistência de união (RU), imediata e em longo prazo, bem como modo de falha (MF), de um sistema adesivo universal (SAU) à dentina humana, aplicado no método convencional e autocondicionante. Trinta e dois terceiros molares humanos hígidos tiveram suas porções oclusais removidas para exposição da dentina e foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos (n=8), de acordo com modo de aplicação do SAU (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE), autocondicionante ou convencional, e da irradiação da superfície com laser de Nd:YAG (100mJ/10Hz) ou não (controle). As superfícies de dentina foram restauradas com resina composta (FiltekTM Z350 XT, 3M ESPE). Após 24 hs, os blocos dentina-resina foram seccionados em amostras em forma de “palitos” (1mm2 de área adesiva), os quais foram aleatoriamente divididos conforme o tempo de armazenamento em água (AA) após restauração: 24 horas e seis meses. Os palitos foram submetidos ao teste de microtração em máquina universal de ensaio com velocidade de 0.5mm/min. A análise do MF foi realizada por meio de um esteromicroscópio (30x). Os resultados de RU (MPa) foram submetidos ao teste de ANOVA a três critérios (a= 0,05) e os dados de MF a estatística descritiva (%). Não houve interação tripla significativa entre os fatores em estudo (p = 0,603). A irradiação com Nd:YAG resultou em valores significativamente maiores de RU (p = 0,031), independente do modo de aplicação de SAU ou tempo de AA. RU foi estatisticamente semelhante quando SAU foi empregado no modo convencional ou autocondicionante (p &lt; 0,001), tenha sido irradiada ou não a dentina, tanto no tempo 24 horas quanto após 6 meses de AA. A RU foi significativamente reduzida após 6 meses de armazenamento (p = 0,007), independentemente se a dentina foi ou não irradiada e da forma pela qual o sistema adesivo universal foi aplicado. Houve predomínio de falhas adesivas em todos os grupos. Conclui-se que o laser de Nd:YAG afetou positivamente a resistência de união do sistema adesivo universal, independente de seu modo de aplicação, à dentina. No entanto, sua aplicação à dentina não promoveu estabilidade da união ao longo dos 6 meses de armazenamento em água

EFICÁCIA DO USO DE CLAREADORES DE CONSULTÓRIO QUANTO À REDUÇÃO NO TEMPO DE APLICAÇÃO NA ESTRUTURA DENTAL

Introdução: Nos dias atuais, a sociedade moderna tem regido a busca por procedimentos estéticos.Tal procura definiu novos rumos para a Odontologia, e por essa razão, o clareamento dentário setornou muito comum e um dos procedimentos estéticos mais procurados em consultóriosodontológicos. O imediatismo e a exposição nas redes sociais presentes nos dias de hoje frente àgrande importância da estética resultam em técnicas negligenciadas pelos profissionais e em usoinescrupuloso pelos pacientes, a despeito dos riscos à saúde. Considera-se que o resultado doclareamento seja decorrente da decomposição do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em radicais livresque interagem com os cromóforos presentes no substrato da dentina sendo considerado um agenteoxidante forte. O H2O2 é a espécie reativa de oxigênio com o menor potencial oxidativo. Numerososestudos apontam de maneira clara que essa terapia com finalidade estética permite a difusão dequantidades consideráveis de H2O2 através das estruturas do esmalte e da dentina, gerando in vitroe in vivo uma toxicidade para as células. Ainda que a técnica por emprego do gel de H2O2 pareçaser a melhor devido à maior concentração do produto, a mesma está intimamente relacionada aomaior risco à sensibilidade dental devido à resposta inflamatória da polpa causada por sua difusão.O H2O2 não reagido foi tido como a principal causa para a sensibilidade dentária induzida peloclareamento, acometendo 80-100% dos pacientes submetidos à técnica de clareamento emconsultório induzidos com géis de alta concentração. O desafio é definir uma técnica que ofereçaao paciente bons resultados estéticos sem que haja danos a estrutura dental e aos tecidosadjacentes e, ainda assim, alvejar a satisfação do paciente em relação a qualidade e rapidez,produzindo o mínimo de efeitos colaterais. Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão de literatura a respeitodos protocolos de tratamentos clareadores utilizados em consultório que buscam a redução dascomplicações, os efeitos secundários relacionados ao uso de clareador de consultório. Além disso,justificar a redução do tempo de contato da estrutura dental com os géis, já que os estudosquestionam sua segurança e necessidade, elucidando a melhor técnica para que o tratamentoclareador não seja visto com desapreço pelos profissionais e pelos pacientes. Metodologia: Foirealizada uma revisão de literatura exploratória e qualitativa em livros, monografia, artigos científicosnas bases de busca Medline, Scielo, Lilacs e Pubmed.Considerações: A redução do tempo e do contato do paciente com o produto diminui os riscos desensibilidade dentária, necrose pulpar e danos à estrutura dental sem que ocorra um resultadoindesejado ou de menor qualidade