725 research outputs found
Chicagoâs Shifting Attitude Toward Concentrations of Business Power (1934â1962)
The postwar Chicago School is commonly associated with a pro-corporate standpoint because of its position toward antitrust law and business monopoly. For example, starting in the 1950s, Aaron Directorâwho is often considered the father of Chicago law and economicsâand his students, such as John McGee, defended the practices of the Standard Oil Company, arguing that the Supreme Courtâs holding against the company in 1911 was erroneous. Since that time, Chicago has been associated with the position that competition has a self-correcting power, ensuring that monopoly power is short-lived.
Members of the Chicago School did not always take a pro-corporate position. In the 1930s, for example, the respected University of Chicago professor and self-identified classical liberal, Henry Simons, described monopoly in all its forms, including âgigantic corporationsâ and âother agencies for price control,â as âthe great enemy of democracy.â For Simons, concentrations of power undermined the necessary condition for democracy to flourish, namely, a competitive market. Besides Simons, Jacob Viner, the infamous Chicago price-theory guru and self-proclaimed classical liberal, also opposed concentrations of business power. Vinerâs views on business monopoly in the late 1930s can be gleaned from his correspondence with Laird Bell, a distinguished attorney and public benefactor of Chicago. In writing Bell, Viner acknowledged that big business had some benefits, but emphasized, â[T]he mere size of business units tends almost inevitably to result in attempts to escape the impact of competition which have importantâand in my opinion highly desirableâconsequences for the operation of the economic system.â Viner considered this to be âthe most important economic issue of our dayâ because ââbignessâ . . . is the essential element in the faulty working . . . of our economic system.â
This Essay traces the development of the Chicago Schoolâs changing position toward concentrations of business power. In Parts II and III, the Essay details the Chicago Schoolâs early position of broad hostility toward concentrations of business power and its belief that such concentrations of power needed to be eradicated by vigorous antitrust enforcement and radical corporate reform. Then, in Part IV, the Essay charts the Chicago Schoolâs shift during the Free Market Study toward a broad acceptance of concentrations of power and a position that large corporations and industrial monopoly were relatively benign. This Essay argues that the Chicago Schoolâs shift toward concentrations of power was a product of the postwar Chicago Schoolâs effort to reconstitute liberalism as a bulwark against collectivist challenges and increasing government regulation of business
Chicagoâs Shifting Attitude Toward Concentrations of Business Power (1934â1962)
The postwar Chicago School is commonly associated with a pro-corporate standpoint because of its position toward antitrust law and business monopoly. For example, starting in the 1950s, Aaron Directorâwho is often considered the father of Chicago law and economicsâand his students, such as John McGee, defended the practices of the Standard Oil Company, arguing that the Supreme Courtâs holding against the company in 1911 was erroneous. Since that time, Chicago has been associated with the position that competition has a self-correcting power, ensuring that monopoly power is short-lived.
Members of the Chicago School did not always take a pro-corporate position. In the 1930s, for example, the respected University of Chicago professor and self-identified classical liberal, Henry Simons, described monopoly in all its forms, including âgigantic corporationsâ and âother agencies for price control,â as âthe great enemy of democracy.â For Simons, concentrations of power undermined the necessary condition for democracy to flourish, namely, a competitive market. Besides Simons, Jacob Viner, the infamous Chicago price-theory guru and self-proclaimed classical liberal, also opposed concentrations of business power. Vinerâs views on business monopoly in the late 1930s can be gleaned from his correspondence with Laird Bell, a distinguished attorney and public benefactor of Chicago. In writing Bell, Viner acknowledged that big business had some benefits, but emphasized, â[T]he mere size of business units tends almost inevitably to result in attempts to escape the impact of competition which have importantâand in my opinion highly desirableâconsequences for the operation of the economic system.â Viner considered this to be âthe most important economic issue of our dayâ because ââbignessâ . . . is the essential element in the faulty working . . . of our economic system.â
This Essay traces the development of the Chicago Schoolâs changing position toward concentrations of business power. In Parts II and III, the Essay details the Chicago Schoolâs early position of broad hostility toward concentrations of business power and its belief that such concentrations of power needed to be eradicated by vigorous antitrust enforcement and radical corporate reform. Then, in Part IV, the Essay charts the Chicago Schoolâs shift during the Free Market Study toward a broad acceptance of concentrations of power and a position that large corporations and industrial monopoly were relatively benign. This Essay argues that the Chicago Schoolâs shift toward concentrations of power was a product of the postwar Chicago Schoolâs effort to reconstitute liberalism as a bulwark against collectivist challenges and increasing government regulation of business
The Imminent Encounter of Reciprocal other : Strategies for Recognising Plural Knowledge
RESUMEN: Este texto da una mirada autocrĂtica desde la antropologĂa a las polĂticas de exclusiĂłn de la tradiciĂłn intelectual de Occidente y su marco social, polĂtico y econĂłmico, a los problemas de propiedad creados por estas polĂticas y, finalmente, a las posibles oportunidades de coarticular las ciencias oficiales y las ciencias del Otro.RĂSUMĂ: Ce texte porte un regard depuis l'anthropologie pour faire l'autocritique des politiques d'exclusion de la tradition intellectuelle d'occident et son cadre social, politique et ĂŠconomique, aussi q'aux problèmes de la propriĂŠtĂŠ engendrĂŠs par ces politiques et finalement, on envisage des possibilitĂŠs d'articulation entre les sciences officielles et celles de l 'Autre.ABSTRACT: This text gives an auto-critical look from anthropology to the exclusion policies and intellectual traditions in the West and its social, political and economical frame to the problems of private property created by these policies and, finally, to the potential opportunities to co articulate official sciences and the sciences otherness
Boundary Zonal Flow in Rotating Turbulent Rayleigh-BĂŠnard Convection
For rapidly rotating turbulent RayleighâBĂŠnard convection in a slender cylindrical cell, experiments and direct numerical simulations reveal a boundary zonal flow (BZF) that replaces the classical large-scale circulation. The BZF is located near the vertical side wall and enables enhanced heat transport there. Although the azimuthal velocity of the BZF is cyclonic (in the rotating frame), the temperature is an anticyclonic traveling wave of mode one, whose signature is a bimodal temperature distribution near the radial boundary. The BZF width is found to scale like Ra1/4Ek2/3 where the Ekman number Ek decreases with increasing rotation rate
Criminal Thinking, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Recovery Attitudes Among Community Mental Health Patients
Research suggests it is important to consider criminogenic needs among individuals with severe mental illness. This study aimed to determine the severity of criminal thinking in community-based clinical samples, understand the association between criminal thinking and psychiatric and criminal justice outcomes, and compare these associations between consumers enrolled in Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) programs. Participants (N = 234) were male and female consumers enrolled in ACT and FACT programs in five states. Results revealed no significant differences in criminal thinking when comparing participants by program type or history of criminal justice involvement. There were significant positive relations between general criminal thinking and psychiatric symptomatology and the number of lifetime arrests, a negative association between recovery attitudes and general criminal thinking, and ACT participants reported a greater number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations than FACT participants. Result implications are discussed with specific reference to treatment programming
The role of apoptosis in the development of AGM hematopoietic stem cells revealed by Bcl-2 overexpression
Apoptosis is an essential process in embryonic tissue remodeling and adult
tissue homeostasis. Within the adult hematopoietic system, it allows for
tight regulation of hematopoietic cell subsets. Previously, it was shown
that B-cell leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) overexpression in the adult increases the
viability and activity of hematopoietic cells under normal and/or
stressful conditions. However, a role for apoptosis in the embryonic
hematopoietic system has not yet been established. Since the first
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated within the
aortagonad-mesonephros (AGM; an actively remodeling tissue) region
beginning at embryonic day 10.5, we examined this tissue for expression of
apoptosis-related genes and ongoing apoptosis. Here, we show expression of
several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in the AGM. We also generated
transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2 under the control of the
transcriptional regulatory elements of the HSC marker stem cell antigen-1
(Sca-1), to test for the role of cell survival in the regulation of AGM
HSCs. We provide evidence for increased numbers and viability of Sca-1(+)
cells in the AGM and subdissected midgestation aortas, the site where HSCs
are localized. Most important, our in vivo transplantation data show that
Bcl-2 overexpression increases AGM and fetal liver HSC activity, strongly
suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in HSC development
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Pubertal timing and breast density in young women: a prospective cohort study.
BACKGROUND:Earlier age at onset of pubertal events and longer intervals between them (tempo) have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. It is unknown whether the timing and tempo of puberty are associated with adult breast density, which could mediate the increased risk. METHODS:From 1988 to 1997, girls participating in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) were clinically assessed annually between ages 8 and 17âyears for Tanner stages of breast development (thelarche) and pubic hair (pubarche), and onset of menses (menarche) was self-reported. In 2006-2008, 182 participants then aged 25-29âyears had their percent dense breast volume (%DBV) measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable, linear mixed-effects regression models adjusted for reproductive factors, demographics, and body size were used to evaluate associations of age and tempo of puberty events with %DBV. RESULTS:The mean (standard deviation) and range of %DBV were 27.6 (20.5) and 0.2-86.1. Age at thelarche was negatively associated with %DBV (p trendâ=â0.04), while pubertal tempo between thelarche and menarche was positively associated with %DBV (p trendâ=â0.007). %DBV was 40% higher in women whose thelarche-to-menarche tempo was 2.9âyears or longer (geometric mean (95%CI)â=â21.8% (18.2-26.2%)) compared to women whose thelarche-to-menarche tempo was less than 1.6âyears (geometric mean (95%CI)â=â15.6% (13.9-17.5%)). CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that a slower pubertal tempo, i.e., greater number of months between thelarche and menarche, is associated with higher percent breast density in young women. Future research should examine whether breast density mediates the association between slower tempo and increased breast cancer risk
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Eating Pattern Response to a Low-Fat Diet Intervention and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Normotensive Women: The Women's Health Initiative.
BackgroundWomen without cardiovascular disease (CVD) or hypertension at baseline assigned to intervention in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification (DM) trial experienced 30% lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas results in women with hypertension or prior CVD could have been confounded by postrandomization use of statins.ObjectivesIntervention participants reported various self-selected changes to achieve the 20% total fat goals. Reviewed are intervention compared with comparison group HRs for CHD, stroke, and total CVD in relation to specific dietary changes in normotensive participants.MethodsDietary change was assessed by comparing baseline with year 1 FFQ data in women (n = 10,371) without hypertension or CVD at baseline with intake of total fat above the median to minimize biases due to use of the FFQ in trial eligibility screening.ResultsIntervention participants self-reported compensating reduced energy intake from total fat by increasing carbohydrate and protein. Specifically they increased plant protein, with those in the upper quartile (increased total protein by âĽ3.3% of energy) having a CHD HR of 0.39 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.71), compared with 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.48) for those in the lower quartile of change (decreased total protein âĽ0.6% of energy), with P-trend of 0.04. CHD HR did not vary significantly with change in percentage energy from carbohydrate, and stroke HR did not vary significantly with any macronutrient changes. Scores reflecting adherence to recommended dietary patterns including the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial and the Healthy Eating Index showed favorable changes in the intervention group.ConclusionsIntervention group total fat reduction replaced with increased carbohydrate and some protein, especially plant-based protein, was related to lower CHD risk in normotensive women without CVD who reported high baseline total fat intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611. Link to the WHI trial protocol: https://www.whi.org/about/SitePages/Dietary%20Trial.aspx
The Lantern Vol. 35, No. 1, Winter 1969
⢠Industrialization ⢠Convention ⢠86 Prof ⢠Even Your Roommate ⢠Specificity ⢠Bo Jangles and Snowstorms in America ⢠You Might Be ⢠Election Night 1968 ⢠Haiku ⢠The Staff of Life ⢠Wind ⢠Brown Mills Blues ⢠The Reunion ⢠Ballad of the Lost Widow ⢠Sunset ⢠You - Revealed ⢠Boredom? ⢠Victim ⢠I Owned A Tree ⢠Days Bounce Along ⢠Oblivion ⢠Realityhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1094/thumbnail.jp
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