Explaining the Allocation of Bilateral and Multilateral Environmental Aid to Developing Countries

In this paper we examine how international development assistance for environmental purposes is allocated to developing countries. In particular, we investigate whether there are patterned differences between environmental aid for international public goods projects versus environmental projects having more localized impacts. We empirically investigate these questions using project project level development assistance data.International Development,

The Forts of Maine, 1607-1945: An Archaeological and Historical Survey

The Forts of Maine, 1607-1945: An Archaeological and Historical Survey by Robert L. Bradley, Ph.D. - Maine Historic Preservation Commission This booklet was co-published in September, 1981 by the Maine Historic Preservation Commission and the Maine Bureau of Parks and Recreation, with Federal funds provided by the Commission through the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, matched by State funds provided by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation. Earle G. Shettleworth, Jr., State Historic Preservation Officerhttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/me_collection/1005/thumbnail.jp

Physical Electronics and Surface Physics

Contains reports on one research project.Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DAAB07-71-C-0300National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGR 22-009-091

Physical Electronics and Surface Physics

Contains reports on one research project.Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DAAB07-71-C-0300National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGR 22-009-091

Litter Controls Earthworm-Mediated Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Soil from Temperate Riparian Buffers

Nutrient cycling in riparian buffers is partly influenced by decomposition of crop, grass, and native tree species litter. Nonnative earthworms in riparian soils in southern Quebec are expected to speed the processes of litter decomposition and nitrogen (N) mineralization, increasing carbon (C) and N losses in gaseous forms or via leachate. A 5-month microcosm experiment evaluated the effect of Aporrectodea turgida on the decomposition of 3 litter types (deciduous leaves, reed canarygrass, and soybean stem residue). Earthworms increased CO2 and N2O losses from microcosms with soybean residue, by 112% and 670%, respectively, but reduced CO2 and N2O fluxes from microcosms with reed canarygrass by 120% and 220%, respectively. Litter type controlled the CO2 flux (soybean ≥ deciduous-mix litter = reed canarygrass > no litter) and the N2O flux (soybean ≥ no litter ≥ reed canarygrass > deciduous-mix litter). However, in the presence of earthworms, there was a slight increase in C and N gaseous losses of C and N relative to their losses via leachate, across litter treatments. We conclude that litter type determines the earthworm-mediated decomposition effect, highlighting the importance of vegetation management in controlling C and N losses from riparian buffers to the environment

Deflagrative, Auto-ignitive, and Detonative Propagation Regimes in Engines

The paper presents a novel overall quantitative description of the major regimes of engine combustion, covering the influences of both turbulence and auto-ignition parameters on burn rates and flame extinctions. It involves two separate, yet interconnected, correlation diagrams. The first involves the normalized turbulent burning velocity, the Karlovitz stretch factor the strain rate Markstein number, and also includes possible relative auto-ignitive burn rates. The second is a complementary correlating ξ/ɛ diagram, involving the auto-ignitive parameters of ignition delay and excitation times. The ξ parameter is the acoustic speed normalized by the auto-ignition velocity, while ɛ is the acoustic wave residence time in a hot spot, normalized by the excitation, or heat release, time. It also includes an indication of the regime of normal flame propagation. The different auto-ignitive regimes, in which a variety of contrasting fuel/air mixtures might operate, are indicated on the ξ/ɛ diagram, particularly in relation to its peninsula of developing detonation at a hot spot. Operational points, measured on a variety of engines, are also shown on the two diagrams, in terms of the different regimes, including those of mild and “super-knock”, turbulent flame extinctions, and controlled auto-ignition