THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING ARBITRATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITIGATIONS

The institution of the international commercial arbitration is continuously expanding, preferred by the majority of the business parteners worldwide as a way of resolving their ongoing issues. Although arbitration is characterized by flexibility, certain fundamental principles which ought to be respected, are provided by most legislations and statutes of the arbitration institutions. The purpose of the study is to analyze these principles, as provided by internal and international regulations.international commercial arbitration; the principle of contradictoriality; the principle of confidentiality.

Effects of Age and Layers of Trees and Temperature on Nectar Volume and Concentration of Croton Macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile

Croton macrostachyus Hochst.ex Delile is a species of the genus Croton, Euphorbiaceae family, commonly known as the spurge family and it is known as major honeybee forages having more nectar and the study was carried out to evaluate effects of its layers, and age and temperature on its nectar volume and concentration. Nectar is a floral resource commonly sought after by plant visitors, because of its nutritional importance. Effects of temperature, layers of trees and plants age on nectar volume and concentration of youngest, medium and oldest age of croton was measured. Results indicated that nectar concentrations and volume of youngest age were no more affected by temperature like that of medium and oldest age. Temperature and age has significant effect on volume (p = 0.0001) and their interactions is also significant (p = 0.012).Temperature has significant effects on nectar concentration (p = 0.000). Oldest plants had highest concentration of 10.1 w/w morning and afternoon 36.5 w/w at 4:00 PM for whereas medium plants had nectar concentration of 5.7 w/w morning and afternoon 16.7 w/w and the smallest had nectar concentration of 2.7 w/w morning and afternoon 9.1 w/w. I conclude that future temperature rise could have negative effect on nectar secreation for honey productions since for croton also no nectar secreation was observed after peak temperature of its nectar secreation that was 30°C. Studying factors affecting nectar volume and concentrations is important to increase productions and the productivity of honey to generate income and for medicinal value of honey. Keywords: Age of trees,Croton macrostachyus, nectar concentration, nectar volume, temperature, trees layers DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-18-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

Financial Failure Prediction Using Financial Ratios: An Empirical Application on the Saudi Stock Exchange

The objective of this research is to predict financial failure of few selected companies using financial ratios. In addition, the goal of this review is to look at the segregating power of monetary crisis utilizing the factors of the Altman's Z-score display and build up a reasonable model for Saudi Arabia, which could give detect ahead of time about the budgetary pain of companies. To build up the model the review has classified the chosen factors from year 2013 to 2016 two bad performing and two good performing companies. Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA) has been utilized as the logical strategy and synchronous estimation technique used to enter the factors in the research. The results show that all the company's fall within the gray are, which indicates a weakness in performance and inability to make satisfactory profits for shareholders. Companies results reveal that most of them suffer from sever stagnation and that most of them do not distribute any profits at all or distribute very little profits. The two good performing companies continue to remain in the market while the two bad performers have quit the market. Keywords: Financial ratios, Saudi Arabia, Stock Market DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/10-9-07 Publication date:May 31st 201

The benefits & concerns of public data availability in Australia: a survey of security experts

This paper gauges the attitudes of security experts in Australia with regards to public data availability on critical infrastructure protection (CIP). A qualitative survey was distributed to a individuals considered experts in CIP-related research in Australia, in order to address the censorship versus open access debate concerning public data. The intention of the study was to gain an insight into the perceived benefits and threats of public data availability by security experts, and to provide the basis for a security solution to be utilised by the Australian Government sector (at all levels). The findings however can also be applied to other data supplying agencies. This includes the identification and assessment of the technical and non-technical security mechanisms that can be enforced to protect sensitive public data elements that reveal information about Australia’s critical infrastructure

Characteristics and Determinants of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Production in Borana Plateau, Ethiopia

Drought mitigation strategies using dromedary camel production and lifestyle diversification are gaining popularity in the Borana plateau, Ethiopia. Borana villages have recently emphasized camel care as a strategy for responding to the severity of periodic droughts. Although Borana pastoralists are becoming more interested in camel management, the underlying causes of the region's expanding camel population have yet to be addressed. Despite available information on the characteristic of camel herders and determinants of production, the appropriate policy for the commercialization of camel potential has been hampered. The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic characteristics and determinants of camel production. The variables of interest were; sources of income, culture, sources of starting camels, years of rearing experience, reasons for keeping camels, herd structure, and compositions, and availability of feed and water sources. A cross-sectional study design was conducted in the Yabelo, Elwaye, and Gomole districts of the Borana zone. The household survey; a structured survey questionnaire, a participatory focused group discussion (FGD), and key informant interviews (KII) were used. A total of 364 household interviews, 3 FGDs, and 12 KIIs were conducted to understand the depths of the socio-economic characteristics and determinant factors of camel production. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics in all the parameters tools using SPSS version 21. The Chi-square tests were conducted to evaluate the dependence between tribes’ affiliations and categorical variables. Demographic characteristics, sources of income, origins of camels, years of rearing experience, reasons for maintaining camels, herd structure, and compositions were not significantly different (P<0.05), according to the findings. The study revealed that the camel production determinants between the ethnic affiliations were also significant differences (p<0.05) between the ethnic groups and study areas. The findings were contradicting the expectation that different socioeconomic characteristics of camel herders and determinant factors among tribes. Therefore, this finding could be forwarded, a need for a comprehensive camel production policy as well as regulatory interventions for camel pastoralism in the study areas. and addressing other promotions on camels as “animal of the future” Keywords: Camel herders, Camel production, pastoralists, Borana, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-13-03 Publication date:July 31st 202

Quantitative Genetics of Populus

Evidence for bark, stem and stomatal density adaptation to different climates in the model species Populus is seen in both the natural population as well as in the greenhouse, but the genetic basis of these adaptation remains poorly understood. The present thesis investigates bark texture, bark thickness, diameter and stomatal density variations among Populus population using two quantitative genetics methods to attempt understand the genetic system controlling inheritance of these traits and to associate them with respective genes. The first approach aimed at detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with all phenotypic traits in an interspecific hybrid pedigree (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides and P. deltoides) collected across several years and sites. Identifying QTL for these important traits will pinpoint to polymorphisms linked to functional genes and provide a list of candidate genes and a baseline for future work. QTL specific to bark texture were highly reproducible in shared intervals across sites, years and replicates. Furthermore, significant positive correlations and co-localization between traits QTL suggest pleiotropic regulators or closely linked genes. Since bark texture showed promising results using the low-resolution QTL method, it was then analyzed further using high-resolution population genomic approach, the genome-wide association study (GWAS). Association mapping defined the genomic regions associated with natural variation in bark texture in a clonally replicated provenance trials of P. trichocarpa across three sites, multiple years. The association mapping used with a high-density SNP array allowed us to detect narrow genomic intervals (1-20 kb) with high reproducibility and shared candidate genes for bark texture variation. Several candidate genes were identified related putative function and their location close to QTL maxima were highlighted and are worth further investigation using functional genomics or forward genetics approaches. The results should be exploited for the future conservation and breeding of Populus species