Vers une perspective étendue de l'analyse néo-institutionnelle : quels apports pour la recherche en comptabilité-contrôle ?

International audienceThis paper presents an updated review of recent research work combining neoinstitutionalism (NIS) and other theoretical frameworks. The enhancements of NIS permitted by these combinations can be summed up by three main lines. The first advancement allows a dynamic analysis of the institutionalization process formed and reproduced by the recursive and reciprocal interplay of institutions and actions. The second area concerns the conceptualization of the organizational field as comprising multiple, competing institutional logics, enabling actors to respond strategically to institutional pressures. Finally, the analysis of the institutionalization process is based on a multi-level approach, placing the organization in its broader socio-economic context. In addition, from a methodological point of view, discourse analysis provides an opportunity to investigate these multi-level processes.L‟objet de cet article est en premier lieu de dresser un bilan à jour des croisements entre la théorie néo-institutionnelle (TNI) et d‟autres cadres théoriques, puis de mettre en évidence trois axes d‟enrichissement de la TNI qui en résultent. Le premier axe permet une analyse dynamique des processus d‟institutionnalisation à travers la structuration réciproque des institutions et des actions. Le second désencastre l‟acteur de son champ organisationnel en lui laissant des marges de manoeuvre stratégiques entre des logiques institutionnelles multiples. Enfin, l‟analyse des interactions réciproques qui contribuent à l‟institutionnalisation s‟appuie sur une démarche multi niveaux, replaçant l‟organisation dans son contexte socioéconomique large. En outre, d‟un point de vue méthodologique, l‟analyse de discours peut contribuer à enrichir l‟étude de ce modèle processuel d‟institutionnalisation multi-niveaux

Vers une perspective étendue de l'analyse néo-institutionnelle : quels apports pour la recherche en comptabilité-contrôle ?

L‟objet de cet article est en premier lieu de dresser un bilan à jour des croisements entre la théorie néo-institutionnelle (TNI) et d‟autres cadres théoriques, puis de mettre en évidence trois axes d‟enrichissement de la TNI qui en résultent. Le premier axe permet une analyse dynamique des processus d‟institutionnalisation à travers la structuration réciproque des institutions et des actions. Le second désencastre l‟acteur de son champ organisationnel en lui laissant des marges de manoeuvre stratégiques entre des logiques institutionnelles multiples. Enfin, l‟analyse des interactions réciproques qui contribuent à l‟institutionnalisation s‟appuie sur une démarche multi niveaux, replaçant l‟organisation dans son contexte socioéconomique large. En outre, d‟un point de vue méthodologique, l‟analyse de discours peut contribuer à enrichir l‟étude de ce modèle processuel d‟institutionnalisation multi-niveaux.nstitutionnalisation; Rationalité; Analyse de discours; Systèmes de contrôle de gestion

Avaliação dos conhecimentos sobre a saúde periodontal numa população adulta

Objetivos: Avaliar os conhecimentos e perceção de indivíduo adultos sobre a saúde periodontal, relacionar o nível de escolaridade com o nível de informação em saúde periodontal da população e perceber se os adultos associam doenças sistémicas à saúde oral. Metodos: Realizou-se um questionário on-line, adultos ≥ 18 anos, com 22 preguntas : caracteristicas sociodemográficas, higiene oral, percepção, check up de saúde, conhecimentos sobre a saúde oral, doença periodontal e associação com patologias sistemicas. Resultados comparados segundo o grau de ensino (“Básico”, “Secundário” e “Universitário”) , segundo o sexo (“Masculino” e “Femenino”) e quatro classes etárias (“Joven”, “Adulto jovem”, “Adulto” e “Idoso”). A feixe etária foi mantido como a modalidade com os subgrupos mais equilibrados em termos de amostra. Análise de dados utilizando análise temático de conteúdo e o IBM© SPSS© Statistics vs. 25.0 (α=0,05). Resultados: Responderam 269 adultos. Cerca de 89,6% dizem saber o que é a placa bacteriana, mas apenas 30,1% responderam corretamente. 33,4% referem "não existir uma associação entre patologia geral e periodontal”. Dos 179 participantes que responderem conhecer uma associação, apenas 16 encontraram todas as relações conhecidas. Conclusão: A população adulta tem fundamentos dos conhecimentos de saúde periodontal, mas isso é incompleto. Há uma necessidade urgente de investir na educação da população e sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde para a existência de uma associação entre saúde oral e saúde geral.Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and perception of adult individuals about periodontal health, to relate the level of education with the level of information in periodontal health in the population and to understand whether adults associate systemic diseases with oral health. Methodology: An online questionnaire was conducted for adults aged ≥ 18 years with 22 questions: sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene, perception, health check up, knowledge about oral health, periodontal disease and association with systemic pathologies. Results compared according to the degree of education ("Basic", "Secondary" and "University") , according to gender ("Male" and "Female") and four ages classes ("Young", "Young Adult", "Adult" and "Old"). The age beam was maintained as the modality with the most balanced subgroups in terms of the sample. Data analysis using thematic content analysis and IBM© SPSS© Statistics vs. 25.0 (α=0.05). Results: 269 adults responded. About 89.6% say they know what plaque is, but only 30.1% responded correctly. 33.4% reported "there is no association between general and periodontal pathology". Of the 179 participants who answered to know an association, only 16 found all known relationships. Conclusion: The adult population has fundamentals of periodontal health knowledge, but this is incomplete. There is an urgent need to invest in the education of the population and sensitize health professionals to the existence of an association between oral health and general health

On Multi-Armed Bandit Designs for Dose-Finding Clinical Trials

We study the problem of finding the optimal dosage in early stage clinical trials through the multi-armed bandit lens. We advocate the use of the Thompson Sampling principle, a flexible algorithm that can accommodate different types of monotonicity assumptions on the toxicity and efficacy of the doses. For the simplest version of Thompson Sampling, based on a uniform prior distribution for each dose, we provide finite-time upper bounds on the number of sub-optimal dose selections, which is unprecedented for dose-finding algorithms. Through a large simulation study, we then show that variants of Thompson Sampling based on more sophisticated prior distributions outperform state-of-the-art dose identification algorithms in different types of dose-finding studies that occur in phase I or phase I/II trials

Les communautés bactériennes d'un holobionte méditerranéen, la gorgone rouge Paramuricea clavata : diversité, stabilité et spécificité

Coralligenous communities dominated by gorgonian species have been severely affected by diseases and mass mortality events linked to the current warming trends reported for the Mediterranean Sea. The characterization of the natural microbial compartment of this temperate gorgonian species becomes a crucial step in the evaluation of the bacterial contribution to health and functioning of the Paramuricea clavata holobiont.Under these circumstances, the global aim of this PhD work was to describe the interactions existing between the red gorgonian P. clavata and its associated bacteria in the Northwestern Mediterranean basin. The culture-independent analyses based on the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA included (i) the characterization of spatiotemporal variation of the bacterial communities, (ii) the localization of the bacteria within host tissues, (iii) the evaluation of the stability of gorgonian-bacterial associations under stress conditions and (iv) the determination of the host-specificity of dominant bacteria in different sympatric gorgonian species (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini and Corallium rubrum).The results of this study highlighted that P. clavata and its microbiota form a holobiont in which host and bacteria live in close association. This association is spatiotemporally stable and maintained under stress conditions. Associated bacterial communities are mostly endosymbiotic and dominated by a bacterial ribotype belonging to a new genus within the Hahellaceae family that seems to be host-specific. These results suggest a particular role of this bacterial genus in the gorgonian holobionts. The present work enabled to initiate the understanding of the bacterial compartment in the 4 most abundant gorgonian species dwelling in the Mediterranean coastal habitats. This knowledge and the different tools that have been developed can be incorporated to new researches on the role of symbiotic associations in health and future trajectories of gorgonian populations in the current climate change context.Les communautés du coralligène dominées par des gorgonaires ont été sévèrement affectées par des évènements de mortalités massives liés au réchauffement de la Méditerranée. Pour évaluer la contribution des bactéries associées à l’holobionte Paramuricea clavata à son fonctionnement et sa santé, il est apparu primordial de caractériser le compartiment microbien naturel de ce gorgonaire tempéré.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse était de décrire les interactions existant entre la gorgone rouge P. clavata et ses bactéries associées en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Les analyses entreprises par des techniques culture-indépendantes basées sur l’analyse des ADN ribosomiques 16S bactériens ont inclus (i) la caractérisation de la variation spatio-temporelle des communautés bactériennes, (ii) la localisation des bactéries dans les tissus de l’hôte, (iii) l’évaluation de la stabilité des associations gorgones-bactéries en conditions de stress et (iv) la détermination de la spécificité d’hôte des bactéries dominantes entre différentes espèces de gorgonaires sympatriques (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini et Corallium rubrum). Les résultats obtenus ont établi que P. clavata et son microbiote forment un holobionte au sein duquel hôte et bactéries vivent en étroite association, stable dans le temps et l’espace ou en conditions de stress. Les communautés bactériennes associées sont principalement endosymbiotiques et dominées par un ribotype bactérien appartenant à un genre nouveau de la famille des Hahellaceae qui semble présenter une forte spécificité d’hôte. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle particulier de ce genre bactérien chez les holobiontes gorgonaires. Ces travaux ont permis d’initier la connaissance du compartiment bactérien des quatre espèces de gorgonaires les plus abondantes dans les habitats côtiers. Les éléments acquis et les différents outils mis au point pourront être intégrés à de nouvelles recherches sur le rôle des associations symbiotiques dans la santé et le devenir des populations de gorgonaires face aux changements environnementaux en cours

A Bayesian dose-finding design for drug combination clinical trials based on the logistic model

International audienceIn early phase dose-finding cancer studies, the objective is to determine the maximum tolerated dose, defined as the highest dose with an acceptable dose-limiting toxicity rate. Finding this dose for drug-combination trials is complicated because of drug–drug interactions, and many trial designs have been proposed to address this issue. These designs rely on complicated statistical models that typically are not familiar to clinicians, and are rarely used in practice. The aim of this paper is to propose a Bayesian dose-finding design for drug combination trials based on standard logistic regression. Under the proposed design, we continuously update the posterior estimates of the model parameters to make the decisions of dose assignment and early stopping. Simulation studies show that the proposed design is competitive and outperforms some existing designs. We also extend our design to handle delayed toxicities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Liberté et responsabilité des universités : Comment le contrôle de gestion participe à la construction d'un système de pilotage de la performance ?

A partir d‟une analyse de la mise en oeuvre d‟un système de contrôle de gestion (SCG) formel dans l‟enseignement supérieur en France, cet article rend compte des éléments qui participent à la structuration de systèmes de pilotage de la performance (SPP) aux niveaux global et organisationnel. Mobilisant un cadre conceptuel issu de la théorie néo institutionnelle sociologique, notre étude de terrain longitudinale nous permet de rendre compte de mécanismes de structuration multi-niveaux, mettant en jeu des interactions de nature cognitive, politique ou normative, qui conduisent à ce stade à différentes formes de SPP non encore stabilisées.Système de contrôle de gestion ; universités ; budget ; management public

On Multi-Armed Bandit Designs for Dose-Finding Trials

International audienceWe study the problem of finding the optimal dosage in early stage clinical trials through the multi-armed bandit lens. We advocate the use of the Thompson Sampling principle, a flexible algorithm that can accommodate different types of monotonicity assumptions on the toxicity and efficacy of the doses. For the simplest version of Thompson Sampling, based on a uniform prior distribution for each dose, we provide finite-time upper bounds on the number of sub-optimal dose selections, which is unprecedented for dose-finding algorithms. Through a large simulation study, we then show that variants of Thompson Sampling based on more sophisticated prior distributions outperform state-of-the-art dose identification algorithms in different types of dose-finding studies that occur in phase I or phase I/II trials

Long-term treatment with active Aβ immunotherapy with CAD106 in mild Alzheimer’s disease

Introduction: CAD106 is designed to stimulate amyloid-β (Aβ)-specific antibody responses while avoiding T-cell autoimmune responses. The CAD106 first-in-human study demonstrated a favorable safety profile and promising antibody response. We investigated long-term safety, tolerability and antibody response after repeated CAD106 injections. Methods: Two phase IIa, 52-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled core studies (2201; 2202) and two 66-week open-label extension studies (2201E; 2202E) were conducted in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) aged 40 to 85 years. Patients were randomized to receive 150μg CAD106 or placebo given as three subcutaneous (2201) or subcutaneous/intramuscular (2202) injections, followed by four injections (150 μg CAD106; subcutaneous, 2201E1; intramuscular, 2202E1). Our primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of repeated injections, including monitoring cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans, adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs). Further objectives were to assess Aβ-specific antibody response in serum and Aβ-specific T-cell response (core only). Comparable Aβ-immunoglobulin G (IgG) exposure across studies supported pooled immune response assessments. Results: Fifty-eight patients were randomized (CAD106, n = 47; placebo, n = 11). Baseline demographics and characteristics were balanced. Forty-five patients entered extension studies. AEs occurred in 74.5% of CAD106-treated patients versus 63.6% of placebo-treated patients (core), and 82.2% experienced AEs during extension studies. Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity, were not study medication-related and did not require discontinuation. SAEs occurred in 19.1% of CAD106-treated patients and 36.4% of placebo-treated patients (core). One patient (CAD106-treated; 2201) reported a possibly study drug-related SAE of intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients met criteria for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) corresponding to microhemorrhages: one was CAD106-treated (2201), one placebo-treated (2202) and two open-label CAD106-treated. No ARIA corresponded to vasogenic edema. Two patients discontinued extension studies because of SAEs (rectal neoplasm and rapid AD progression, respectively). Thirty CAD106-treated patients (63.8%) were serological responders. Sustained Aβ-IgG titers and prolonged time to decline were observed in extensions versus core studies. Neither Aβ1–6 nor Aβ1–42 induced specific T-cell responses; however, positive control responses were consistently detected with the CAD106 carrier. Conclusions: No unexpected safety findings or Aβ-specific T-cell responses support the CAD106 favorable tolerability profile. Long-term treatment-induced Aβ-specific antibody titers and prolonged time to decline indicate antibody exposure may increase with additional injections. CAD106 may be a valuable therapeutic option in AD