Los bonos cupón cero: una opción fuera de tiempo

El 29 de diciembre de 1987 se dió a conocer en México un nuevo mecanismo por medio del cual el país intercambiaría parte de su deuda externa renegociada por bonos. Según la SHCP: "El aspecto central de esta fase es poder capturar el descuento de nuestra deuda que existe actualmente en los mercados financieros internacionales". En este artículo el autor desarrolla la idea de que este mecanismo resulta fuera de tiempo, es contradictorio en si mismo y queda muy limitado por el desarrollo mismo de la crisis

Santa Teresa: ciudad-moridero en 2666

In the novel 2666, Roberto Bolano configures Santa Teresa city (transcript of Ciudad Juarez) in two levels. The first real, based on police chronicles, and the second one, clearly imaginary, where the characters, most of them related to literature, crash with a grotesque reality, configured by the crimes that take place in the city. Santa Teresa is the last city of Latin America, and also a kind of cemetery for the continent.En la novela 2666, Roberto Bolano configura Santa Teresa (trasunto de Ciudad Juarez) en dos niveles. Uno real, basado en la cronica policial, y otro netamente literario, donde personajes ficticios, en su mayoria personajes que de una u otra manera se dedican a la escritura, tropiezan a golpes con una realidad grotesca, tamizada por los crimenes que se desarrollan en la ciudad. Santa Teresa es la ciudad final de Latinoamerica y a la vez una especie de cementerio del continente

Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study: The Bogotá region

This research was aimed at exploring levels of equity in accessibility to employment and education in the city-region of Bogotá, Colombia's capital city. Building on consolidated methodologies for the assessment of potential accessibility, we estimate accessibility indicators at the zone level, evaluate how potential accessibility varies among income groups, and present evidence related to transport mode, in order to analyze social and spatial inequalities produced by the distribution of accessibility to employment and education activities. The research incorporates a method to evaluate how accessibility varies among zones according to average income and mode of transport in order to produce evidence-based arguments that can inform transport policy in the city-region of Bogotá, and other similar contexts in the Global South. Our results show strong distributional effects of the socio-spatial and economic structure of the city-region, its transport infrastructure and services, and the effect of current transport and land-use policies for citizens of different income groups. The tools and empirical evidence in this research seek to contribute to informed policy development in Latin America and other developing contexts, and feeding current debates on the role of accessibility in addressing social and spatial inequalities stemming from urban mobility

Site design for urban water management in Mexico City

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-80).As the world becomes aware of the scarcity of water resources and cities struggle to meet a growing demand, we face the challenge of finding more efficient ways to manage this vital resource. Cities in developing countries face an even greater challenge as rapid population growth and demographic migration concentrate demand in already exhausted areas. Meeting this deficit has meant the expansion of hydraulic infrastructure to ever distant areas at ever increasing costs. Water supply and disposal in the last decades has been dealt with exclusively by hydraulic engineers. They are once again attracting the interest of architects, landscape architects and planners as the effects of urban development on water resources becomes more evident. In an age of shrinking public budgets, site design can offer a competitive decentralized alternative to the massive engineering projects that would otherwise be needed to meet such demand. This work deals with a set of tools that architects and planners can use to contribute to improving the hydraulic capacity of our cities and to restoring some of the fundamental processes of the natural environment on which they are set. It evaluates their performance in a specific context in Mexico City and explores the feasibility of their application.by Jose Pablo Rivera.S.M

La carrera docente en el marco de la reforma educativa en Chile

This article focuses on the tensions generated by the proposed National Teaching Plan Law, the second proposed law put forth in the framework of the educational reform that is being discussed in Parliament in the current government of Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018) in Chile . In the first part, we begin with a general historical contextual delimitation of educational reforms since the return to democracy in 1990, and delve into the current educational reform that is divided into four parts, which we explain. In the second part, the conceptual notions of the relationship between hegemony, educational reforms and alternatives are analyzed. We also describe concepts developed through the discussions and collective construction of the APPeAL México team, which support the subsequent analysis. In the third part, we lay out the basis of the National Teaching Plan bill. In the fourth part we examine the tensions and questions that arise in the teachers’ college and in the “For a New Education, Dignify the Teaching Career!” Collective,, together with an analysis and reflection of critical apects of the bill.El presente artículo se centra en las tensiones que ha generado la propuesta de Ley Plan Nacional Docente, segundo proyecto presentado en el marco de la reforma educativa que se está discutiendo en el parlamento en el actual gobierno de Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018) en Chile. En la primera parte, se comienza con una delimitación contextual histórica general sobre las reformas educativas desde el retorno a la democracia en 1990 y se profundiza en la reforma educativa actual que se divide en cuatro ámbitos que se explican. En la segunda parte, se exponen las nociones conceptuales de la relación entre hegemonía, reformas educativas y alternativas. También se describen las nociones conceptuales que se nutren de las discusiones y de la construcción colectiva del equipo APPeAL México y que sostiene el análisis posterior. En la tercera parte, se describe lo fundamental del proyecto de ley Plan Nacional Docente. En la cuarta parte, se exponen las tensiones y cuestionamientos que surgen por parte del colegio de profesores y del Colectivo, Para una Nueva Educación ¡A Dignificar la Carrera Docente!, junto a un análisis y reflexión de lo que se crítica del proyecto de ley

Hardiness in endurence races: a comparision between skyrunning and 10 kilometers

Esta investigación ha sido realizada, en parte, dentro del programa de Máster en Psicología de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (UAM-COE)Hardiness is an individual characteristic which allows to coping with life stressors and turning them into advantages (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Their components of Commitment, Control & Challenge can protect the athletes against the unpredictable circumstances of endurance running. The purpose of this study was to compare for the first time the hardiness levels between two groups of endurance runners and to determinate if this levels were related with a successful race performance. Volunteers 130 (69 ultra trail and 61 10.06K) runners, ranged in age from 20 to 56 years (M = 35.4, SD = 7.3), who completed the 30-item Hardiness for Marathoners Scale (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy and Román, 2008) during the day race. Mean analysis comparison revealed that there was no differences in hardiness levels between the two groups (Z = .280, p = .77), the fastest ultra trail race times were independent from high hardiness levels (r = -.072, p = .30). Moreover, no differences in hardiness were found between ultra runners who finished the race and those who drop out (p = .78). The results suggest that high Hardiness levels are a psychological characteristic of long distance runners. Furthermore, sport performance was not related with high Hardiness levels.: La Personalidad Resistente es una característica individual que permite hacer frente a los estímulos estresores de la vida y convertirlos en oportunidades de crecimiento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Sus tres componentes: Compromiso, Control y Desafío pueden proteger a los deportistas contra las impredecibles situaciones de las carreras de fondo. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar por primera vez los niveles de personalidad resistente de dos grupos de corredores de fondo, así como determinar si existe una relación entre los niveles de personalidad resistente y el rendimiento deportivo. 130 voluntarios (69 corredores de ultrafondo y 61 corredores participantes de una prueba de 10.06 kilómetros) con un rango de edad de 20 a 56 años (M = 35.4, DT = 7.3), quienes completaron el día de la competición la Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy y Román, 2008). El análisis de comparación de medias, reveló que no existieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos de corredores de fondo (Z = .280, p = .77), así mismo las mejores marcas en la prueba de ultra fondo fueron independientes de los niveles de personalidad resistente (r = -.072, p = .30), aquellos corredores que completaron el recorrido de ultrafondo no presentaron niveles mayores de personalidad resistente que los deportistas que abandonaron (p =. 78). Los resultados sugieren que un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente forma parte de las características psicológicas de los corredores de fondo. Por otra parte un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente no tuvo influencia sobre el rendimiento obtenido en una carrera de ultrafondo.A Personalidade Resistente é uma característica individual que permite fazer frente aos estímulos stressores da vida e convertê-los em oportunidades de crescimento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Os seus três componentes: Compromisso, Controlo e Desafio podem proteger os desportistas contra situações imprevisíveis das corridas de fundo. O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar pela primeira vez os níveis de personalidade resistente de dois grupos de corredores de fundo, assim como determinar se existe uma relação entre os níveis de personalidade resistente e rendimento desportivo. Para tal, 130 voluntários (69 corredores de ultra-fundo e 61 corredores participantes de uma prova de 10.06 kilómetros) com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 56 anos (M = 35.4, DP = 7.3), completaram no dia da competição a Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy & Román, 2008). A análise de comparação de médias revelou que não existem diferenças significativas entre ambos os grupos de corredores de fundo (Z = .280, p = .77), contudo as melhores marcas na prova de ultra-fundo foram independentes dos níveis de personalidade resistente (r = -.072, p = .30) e os corredores que completaram a prova de ultra-fundo não apresentaram níveis superiores de personalidade resistente comparativamente com os atletas que desistiram (p = .78). Os resultados sugerem que um nível elevado de personalidade resistente faz parte das características psicológicas dos corredores de fundo. Por outro lado, um nível elevado de personalidade resistente não revelou influência sobre o rendimento obtido numa corrida de ultra-fundo

Virtual reality training for occupational risk prevention: application case in geotechnical drilling works

The construction industry is considered one of the most dangerous industries globally. The construction site is a complex environment where diverse teams of people interact with large machinery. In addition, the lack of safety culture on the job site and deficiencies in safety training increase these problems. Within the construction works, geotechnical drilling worksites involve high-powered machinery, and workers are exposed to different risks when using them. Despite these risks, safety training courses on these topics are not specialized. Most of the training courses are generic in occupational hazards, failing to address in detail the work dynamics and risks associated with geotechnical work, where heavy machinery is a fundamental factor. There is a lack of adequate learning content specific to drilling works, meaning the heavy machinery, how to use it and how to prevent accidents due to these drilling tasks are poorly understood. This research investigates the risks associated with geotechnical drilling work and explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) to simulate immersive work environments, focusing on interaction with drilling machinery. A geotechnical drilling machine modelled 3D and integrated into a realistic VR environment. The machinery motions and the different tasks of the work team were modelled. The simulation allows a worker to interact in a working environment, identify risks and prevent accidents, and, moreover, be trained in best practices for machinery usage, according to previous real-world experiences from senior workers.This research has been supported by the CONICYT through its economic support of Felipe Muñoz, beneficiary of a predoctoral grant (CONICYT-PCHA/International Doctorate/2019-72200306), ‘DI emergente PUCV 2022’project ofthe Vicerrectoría de Investigación y estudios avanzados-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (039.350/2022) and by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (MICIU) through the BIMI- oTICa project (RTC-2017-6454-7). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the ‘Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000797-S)’. The authors declare their compliance with all provisions of the Authors’ Duties according to the WIT Press Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Fisioterapia en las fracturas y luxaciones de la articulación coxofemoral

El término fractura de cadera describe las fracturas que ocurren en la extremidad proximal del fémur. Se considera un proceso con importante repercusión clínica, social y económica que ha ido creciendo en las últimas décadas. Las fracturas de cadera pueden ocurrir en personas de cualquier edad. En jóvenes, son por lo general a consecuencia de traumatismos de alta energía; en ancianos son el resultado de un mecanismo de baja energía. El diagnóstico de la fractura de la cadera se logra establecer gracias a un buen examen físico, la historia del paciente y el examen radiológico. El tratamiento pude ser conservador, pero en su mayoría son tratadas quirúrgicamente seguido de un tratamiento fisioterapéutico que permita al paciente recuperar la funcionalidad e independencia. Otra patología que puede estar relacionada con la fractura de cadera es la luxación. Esta al ser en la mayoría de los casos ocasionada por traumatismos de alto impacto como los accidentes automovilísticos se relacionan más con la población de pacientes jóvenes y suele estar asociada a otras lesiones musculoesqueléticas como la fractura acetabular o de cabeza femoral. El diagnóstico es generalmente clínico, donde el miembro inferior aparece acortado y en una posición característica según el tipo de luxación. La luxación de cadera requiere de urgencia una reducción cerrada bajo anestesia y posterior estabilización transitoria con tracción, lo cual se debe realizar con la mayor rapidez para evitar complicaciones. Ambas patologías pueden presentarse juntas por lo que el adecuado diagnóstico es importante para un adecuado tratamiento médico y fisioterapéutico