Que mesurent les tests de CODB et de COA ?

Un des objectifs de cette recherche est d'examiner les différences entre les resultats obtenus par les tests de dosage des matières organiques biodégradables (MOB). L'autre objectif est de déterminer comment les résultats peuvent correspondre à la valeur vraie de la MOB. L'étude a été menée en employant un mode le mathématique qui tient compte des principes cinétiques et stoechiométriques.Le tableau 1 présente les exemples des équations de bilan de masse qui entrent dans le modèle. Celui-ci permet de suivre la croissance de la biomasse, la dégradation du substrat (MOB), le carbone organique dissous (COD), ainsi que la production et la dégradation des produits microbiens solubles (PMS). Les PMS, qui possèdent des poids moléculaires allant de moyens à élevés, sont produits durant le métabolisme normal des cellules (RITIMANN et al., 1987). Les PMS peuvent être divisés en deux groupes de produits associés: les PAU qui sont le résultat direct de l'utilisation du substrat et les PAB qui sont produits proportionnellement à la biomasse (PAB).Certaines hypothèses sont à la base des équations du bilan massique. La biomasse n'est constituée que d'hétérotrophes. La MOB est modélisée en tenant compte de substrats facilement et difficilement dégradables. Chaque substrat se distingue par sa valeur K inscrite au tableau 3. La densité de biomasse en début de test est de 1 mgA (2400 UFC/ml), sauf quand la densité est modifiée dans le modèle. Pour les besoins de la modélisation, les valeurs de MOB, de CODB et de biomasse ont eté converties en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO). Les facteurs de conversion utilisés sont: 1,42 mg de MOB exprimée en DCO/mg de MOB exprimee en solides volatils dissous, 4,16 x 10-7 mg DCO/cellule et 2,67 mg acétate exprimé en DCO/mg de C-acétate. Un ensemble de courbes typiques pour le modèle est présenté aux figures 1 et 2. La figure 1 montre les résultats obtenus pour un substrat facilement dégradable tandis que la figure 2 présente ceux obtenus pour un substrat difficilement dégradable. Dans les deux cas, la biomasse s'accroît graduellement pour atteindre un maximum, puis rediminue. Les vitesses et intensités de réaction dépendent toutefois beaucoup des cinétiques de dégradation de la MOB. Les deux figures traduisent l'accumulation continue des PMS, qui représentent des proportions respectives de 43% et 30% de la MOB d'origine pour les substrats facilement et difficilement dégradables. L'accumulation des PMS est importante, car la courbe de décroissance du COD est le résultat net de la MOB consommée moins les PMS accumulés. Ceci implique que le changement dans le niveau de COD, qui représente le paramètre de contrôle pour les tests CODB, n'égale pas la MOB vraie. Le CODB mesuré ne représenterait plutôt que 50 à 60 % de la MOB d'origine.La figure 3 montre la relation qui existe entre le CODB et la MOB pour les deux types de substrats. Le CODB n'est pas égal à la MOB, ce qui est démontré par l'écart observé par rapport à la droite d'équivalence de pente 1. Cette différence est due à deux phénomènes: I'accumulation des PMS dépend de la MOB, tandis que l'écart entre les deux types de substrat est le résultat des courbes s'approchant de Smin sur l'axe de la MOB, lorsque le CODB tend vers zéro. Ce résultat est significatif, car des études ont démontré que la MOB dans les eaux brutes contient surtout des substrats difficilement dégradables (LECHEVALLIER et al., 1991). Ainsi, faire l'hypothèse que le CODB soit égal à la MOB pour les substrats difficilement assimilables se traduirait par une importante sous-estimation de la MOB dans l'échantillon.La figure 4 montre la relation observée entre la biomasse maximum, employée avec les tests COA (carbone organique assimilable), et la vraie MOB pour les deux substrats. Cette figure présente aussi l'étalon de calibration proposé par van ter Kooij et al (1982), qui convertit le nombre de cellules en C-acétate (4,1 x 10 6 cellules par mg C-acétate). Ni le substrat facilement utilisable ni le substrat difficilement utilisable, ne s'approche de la courbe de calibration. Ces écarts sont causés par la variation du premier ordre en ordre zéro de l'équation de Monod et aussi parce que les courbes approchent le Smin où la croissance des cellules est presque nulle. Lorsque la MOB dans l'échantillon est principalement constituée d'un substrat difficilement dégradable, I'usage d'un étalon d'acétate produit une forte sous-estimation de la MOB vraie.La figure 5 montre la relation directe entre le CODB et le COA pour les deux types de substrats. L'augmentation du rapport CODB/COA avec la diminution de la MOB s'explique par le fait que la biomasse tend vers une croissance zéro lorsque la MOB s'approche de Smin. Cette figure démontre clairement qu'il existe une différence fondamentale entre les mesures des tests CODB et COA, lorsque la MOB tend vers Smin. Toutefois, le rapport CODB/COA est presque unitaire dans le cas du substrat facilement dégradable, quand la MOB se situe à l'intérieur des limites de détection pour le dosage du CODB (environ 100 mg/l à la figure 5). Ainsi, il est possible d'obtenir le même résultat avec les deux types de tests. Le modèle permet aussi d'examiner l'effet des concentrations en biomasse initiale pour une [MOB] fixée. Pour un substrat facilement dégradable, qui est entièrement consommé en présence d'un faible inoculum, la modélisation montre que le CODB et la biomasse maximum ne sont pas affectés. Cependant, le résultat diffère pour un substrat difficilement dégradable qui n'est pas entièrement consommé avec un inoculum de faible densité. Tel que présenté à la figure 6, le CODB et la biomasse maximum augmentent fortement avec la densité de l'inoculum. Cet effet est dû à la faible croissance de la biomasse qui survient en présence d'un inoculum de faible densité; la biomasse maximum et le COD minimum sont atteints après 30 jours. Avec un inoculum important, la biodégradation survient plus rapidement et le CODB maximum est atteint avant 30 jours.Batch type biodegradable organic material (BOM) tests are modelled using basic kinetic and stoichiometric principles. The modelling results reveal that for biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) tests, the change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is not equal to BOM. The formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) and the degradation kinetics of the BOM must be considered to estimate the true BOM from BDOC results. For assimilable organic carbon (AOC) tests, using a calibration standard based on an easy to degrade substrate, such as acetate, does not necessarily give an accurate indication of the true BOM. The kinetics of BOM degradation must be estimated before an AOC test can be used to interpret the true BOM in a sample. The inoculum density can also influence the results of AOC and BDOC tests. When the BOM is hard to degrade, using a low density test can underestimate the amount of BDOC in a sample

Improving lipid recovery from Scenedesmus wet biomass by surfactant-assisted disruption

Citation: Lai, Y. S., De Francesco, F., Aguinaga, A., Parameswaran, P., & Rittmann, B. E. (2016). Improving lipid recovery from Scenedesmus wet biomass by surfactant-assisted disruption. Green Chemistry, 18(5), 1319-1326. doi:10.1039/c5gc02159fMicroalgae-derived lipids are good sources of biofuel, but extracting them involves high cost, energy expenditure, and environmental risk. Surfactant treatment to disrupt Scenedesmus biomass was evaluated as a means to make solvent extraction more efficient. Surfactant treatment increased the recovery of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by as much as 16-fold vs. untreated biomass using isopropanol extraction, and nearly 100% FAME recovery was possible without any Folch solvent, which is toxic and expensive. Surfactant treatment caused cell disruption and morphological changes to the cell membrane, as documented by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Surfactant treatment made it possible to extract wet biomass at room temperature, which avoids the expense and energy cost associated with heating and drying of biomass during the extraction process. The best FAME recovery was obtained from high-lipid biomass treated with Myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTAB)- and 3-(decyldimethylammonio)-propanesulfonate inner salt (3_DAPS)-surfactants using a mixed solvent (hexane : isopropanol = 1 : 1, v/v) vortexed for just 1 min; this was as much as 160-fold higher than untreated biomass. The critical micelle concentration of the surfactants played a major role in dictating extraction performance, but the growth stage of the biomass had an even larger impact on how well the surfactants disrupted the cells and improved lipid extraction. Surfactant treatment had minimal impact on extracted-FAME profiles and, consequently, fuel-feedstock quality. This work shows that surfactant treatment is a promising strategy for more efficient, sustainable, and economical extraction of fuel feedstock from microalgae

Coordination-driven magnetic-to-nonmagnetic transition in manganese doped silicon clusters

The interaction of a single manganese impurity with silicon is analyzed in a combined experimental and theoretical study of the electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of manganese-doped silicon clusters. The structural transition from exohedral to endohedral doping coincides with a quenching of high-spin states. For all geometric structures investigated, we find a similar dependence of the magnetic moment on the manganese coordination number and nearest neighbor distance. This observation can be generalized to manganese point defects in bulk silicon, whose magnetic moments fall within the observed magnetic-to-nonmagnetic transition, and which therefore react very sensitively to changes in the local geometry. The results indicate that high spin states in manganese-doped silicon could be stabilized by an appropriate lattice expansion

Unexpected population distribution in a microbial mat community: Sulfate-reducing bacteria localized to the highly oxic chemocline in contrast to a eukaryotic preference for anoxia

The distribution and abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and eukaryotes within the upper 4 mm of a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat community were characterized at high resolution with group-specific hybridization probes to quantify 16S rRNA extracted from 100-mu m depth intervals. This revealed a preferential localization of SRB within the region defined by the oxygen chemocline. Among the different groups of SRB quantified, including members of the provisional families "Desulfovibrionaceae" and "Desulfobacteriaceae," Desulfonema-like populations dominated and accounted for up to 30% of total rRNA extracted from certain depth intervals of the chemocline. These data suggest that recognized genera of SRB are not necessarily restricted by high levels of oxygen in this mat community and the possibility of significant sulfur cycling within the chemocline. In marked contrast, eukaryotic populations in this community demonstrated a preference for regions of anoxia

Archaea and Bacteria Acclimate to High Total Ammonia in a Methanogenic Reactor Treating Swine Waste

Citation: Esquivel-Elizondo, S., Parameswaran, P., Delgado, A. G., Maldonado, J., Rittmann, B. E., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2016). Archaea and Bacteria Acclimate to High Total Ammonia in a Methanogenic Reactor Treating Swine Waste. Archaea-an International Microbiological Journal, 10. doi:10.1155/2016/4089684Inhibition by ammonium at concentrations above 1000mgN/L is known to harm the methanogenesis phase of anaerobic digestion. We anaerobically digested swine waste and achieved steady state COD-removal efficiency of around 52% with no fatty-acid or H-2 accumulation. As the anaerobic microbial community adapted to the gradual increase of total ammonia-N (NH3 -N) from 890 +/- 295 to 2040 +/- 30 mg/L, the Bacterial and Archaeal communities became less diverse. Phylotypes most closely related to hydrogenotrophic Methanoculleus (36.4%) and Methanobrevibacter (11.6%), along with acetoclastic Methanosaeta (29.3%), became the most abundant Archaeal sequences during acclimation. This was accompanied by a sharp increase in the relative abundances of phylotypes most closely related to acetogens and fatty-acid producers (Clostridium, Coprococcus, and Sphaerochaeta) and syntrophic fatty-acid Bacteria (Syntrophomonas, Clostridium, Clostridiaceae species, and Cloacamonaceae species) that have metabolic capabilities for butyrate and propionate fermentation, as well as for reverse acetogenesis. Our results provide evidence countering a prevailing theory that acetoclastic methanogens are selectively inhibited when the total ammonia-N concentration is greater than similar to 1000 mgN/L. Instead, acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted in the presence of total ammonia-N of similar to 2000 mgN/L by establishing syntrophic relationships with fatty-acid fermenters, as well as homoacetogens able to carry out forward and reverse acetogenesis

Watching the birth of a charge density wave order: diffraction study on nanometer-and picosecond-scales

Femtosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction is used to study a photo-induced phase transition between two charge density wave (CDW) states in 1T-TaS$_2$, namely the nearly commensurate (NC) and the incommensurate (I) CDW states. Structural modulations associated with the NC-CDW order are found to disappear within 400 fs. The photo-induced I-CDW phase then develops through a nucleation/growth process which ends 100 ps after laser excitation. We demonstrate that the newly formed I-CDW phase is fragmented into several nanometric domains that are growing through a coarsening process. The coarsening dynamics is found to follow the universal Lifshitz-Allen-Cahn growth law, which describes the ordering kinetics in systems exhibiting a non-conservative order parameter.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Chemical shifts and cluster structure

The 2p core-level electron binding energies of size-selected silicon cluster ions have been determined from soft x-ray photoionization efficiency curves. Local chemical shifts and global charging energy contributions to the 2p binding energy can be separated, because core-level and valence-band electron binding energies exhibit the same inverse radius dependence. The experimental 2p binding energy distributions show characteristic size-specific patterns that are well reproduced by the corresponding electronic density of states obtained from density functional theory modeling. These results demonstrate that 2p binding energies in silicon clusters are dominated by initial state effects, i.e., by the interaction with the local valence electron density, and can thus be used to corroborate structural assignments

Meta-Analysis of the Long Term Success Rate of Different Interventions in Benign Biliary Strictures.

BACKGROUND: Benign biliary stricture is a rare condition and the majority of the cases are caused by operative trauma or chronic inflammation based on various etiology. Although the initial results of endoscopic, percutaneous and surgical treatment are impressive, no comparison about long term stricture resolution is available. AIMS: The goal of this study was to compare the long term disease free survival in benign biliary strictures with various etiology after surgery, percutaneous transhepatic-and endoscopic treatment. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched by computer and manually for published studies. The investigators selected the publications according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, processed the data and assessed the quality of the selected studies. Meta-analysis of data of 24 publications was performed to compare long term disease free survival of different treatment groups. RESULTS: Compared the subgroups surgery resulted in the highest long term stricture resolution rate, followed by the percutaneous transhepatic treatment, the multiple plastic stent insertion and covered self-expanding metal stents (SEMS), however the difference was not significant. All compared methods are significantly superior to the single plastic stent placement. Long term stricture resolution rate irrespectively of any therapy is still not more than 84%. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the use of single plastic stent is not recommended. Further randomized studies and innovative technical development are required for improving the treatment of benign biliary strictures

Compared efficacy of preservation solutions on the outcome of liver transplantation: Meta-analysis

AIM: To compare the effects of the four most commonly used preservation solutions on the outcome of liver transplantations. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases up to January 31(st), 2017. The inclusion criteria were comparative, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for deceased donor liver (DDL) allografts with adult and pediatric donors using the gold standard University of Wisconsin (UW) solution or histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK), Celsior (CS) and Institut Georges Lopez (IGL-1) solutions. Fifteen RCTs (1830 livers) were included; the primary outcomes were primary non-function (PNF) and one-year post-transplant graft survival (OGS-1). RESULTS: All trials were homogenous with respect to donor and recipient characteristics. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of PNF with the use of UW, HTK, CS and IGL-1 (RR = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03, P = 0.356). Comparing OGS-1 also failed to reveal any difference between UW, HTK, CS and IGL-1 (RR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.80-0.80, P = 0.369). Two trials demonstrated higher PNF levels for UW in comparison with the HTK group, and individual studies described higher rates of biliary complications where HTK and CS were used compared to the UW and IGL-1 solutions. However, the meta-analysis of the data did not prove a statistically significant difference: the UW, CS, HTK and IGL-1 solutions were associated with nearly equivalent outcomes. CONCLUSION: Alternative solutions for UW yield the same degree of safety and effectiveness for the preservation of DDLs, but further well-designed clinical trials are warranted