Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

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A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Scans Identifies IL18RAP, PTPN2, TAGAP, and PUS10 As Shared Risk Loci for Crohn's Disease and Celiac Disease

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Adoptive immunotherapy monitored by micro-MRI in experimental colorectal liver metastasis

In this study we used the colon carcinoma DHDK12 cell line and generated single metastasis after subcapsular injection in BDIX rats as an experimental tumor model. The aim of the work was to set up in vitro experimental conditions to prepare immune effector cells and in vivo conditions for monitoring the effects of such cells injected as adoptive immunotherapy. Dendritic cells can process tumor cell antigens, induce a T-cell response and be used ex vivo to prepare activated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were harvested from mesenteric lymph nodes and cocultured with bone marrow-derived autologous dendritic cells previously loaded with irradiated tumor cells. In vitro, the coculture: 1) induced the proliferation of lymphocytes, 2) expanded a preferential subpopulation of T CD8 lymphocytes, and 3) was in favor of lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against the DHDK12 tumor cell line. Activated lymphocytes were injected in the tumor-bearing rat portal vein. Parameters could be set to monitor tumor volume by micro MRI. This monitoring before and after treatment and immunohistochemical examinations revealed that: 1) micro MRI is an appropriate tool to survey metastasis growth in rat, 2) injected lymphocytes increase lesional infiltration with T CD8 cells even 15 days after treatment, 3) a dose of 50 millions lymphocytes is not sufficient to act on the course of the tumor

Is magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis a useful tool for cell therapy in vivo monitoring?

Assessment of anti-tumor treatment efficiency is usually done by measuring tumor size. Treatment may however induce changes in the tumor other than tumor size. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Texture Analysis (MRI-TA) is presently used to follow activated lymphocyte cell therapy. We used a 7T microimager to acquire high-resolution MR images of an experimental liver metastasis from colon carcinoma in rats treated (n = 4) or not (n = 3) with a cell therapy product. MRI-TA was then performed with Linear Discriminant Analysis and showed: i) a significant variation of tumor texture with tumor growth and ii) a significant modification in the texture of tumors treated with activated lymphocytes compared with untreated tumors. T2-weighted images or volume calculation did not evidence any difference. MRI-TA appears as a promising method for early detection and follow-up of response to cell therapy

The Complex and Important Cellular and Metabolic Functions of Saturated Fatty Acids

This review summarizes recent findings on the metabolism and biological functions of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Some of these findings show that SFA may have important and specific roles in the cells. Elucidated biochemical mechanisms like protein acylation (N-myristoylation, S-palmitoylation) and regulation of gene transcription are presented. In terms of physiology, SFA are involved for instance in lipogenesis, fat deposition, polyunsaturated fatty acids bioavailability and apoptosis. The variety of their functions demonstrates that SFA should no longer be considered as a single group

Virus-Induced Cancers of the Skin and Mucosa:Are We Dealing with "Smoking Guns" or "Smoke and Mirrors" in the Operating Theatre?

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) alone is thought to cause ~610,000 cases of cancer per year, and is the dominant aetiological agent for ano-genital (esp. cervical) and head and neck cancers (esp. oropharyngeal). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is a more recently discovered virus which causes Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive skin malignancy. Methods: We explored the available published evidence to see if transmission of live HPV or MCV virus in smoke generated by laser or diathermy was feasible, and would pose an infection risk. Long-term infection with such carcinogenic viruses would then pose an increased risk for the development of virus-induced cancers in medical personnel. Results: The morphological structures of both HPV and MCV are very similar, and the size, external capsids and genomic structures show striking similarity. Both viruses have a non-enveloped external protein capsid consisting of 72 capsomeres, and a double-stranded DNA core. Sizes of both viruses range from 50 to 60 nm. There are now recent data demonstrating live and infectious HPV in smoke, and that these viruses can be used to infect cells in vitro. Further, anecdotal reports of virus transmission leading to disease causation in the production of respiratory airway viral warts (benign disease), and, finally, reports of HPV-induced oropharyngeal carcinoma (malignant disease) in two gynaecological surgeons as an occupational health hazard have been published recently. Conclusion: There is now sufficient evidence to support the hypotheses that live infectious carcinogenic viruses can be transmitted via smoke generated from surgical procedures, and, in rare instances, actually cause significant disease. Protective measures such as smoke extraction and airway protection should be instituted for all healthcare personnel, particularly those with multiple repeated exposures such as gynaecological surgeons

Physical Activity and Sedentary Patterns among Metabolically Healthy Individuals Living with Obesity

Background. Some individuals living with obesity are free from typical cardiometabolic risk factors and are termed metabolically healthy obese (MHO). The patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among MHO are currently unknown. Methods. This study includes 414 youth (12–18 years old), 802 adults (19–44 years old), and 1230 older adults (45–85 years old) living with obesity from the 2003-2004 or 2005-2006 NHANES cycles. Time spent in bouts of 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time was measured objectively using accelerometers. Participants were categorized as MHO if they had no cardiometabolic risk factors above the identified thresholds (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and glucose). Results. The proportion of MHO was 19%, 14%, and 12% in youth, adults, and older adults, respectively. MHO adults displayed a higher 1-minute bout of MVPA per day compared to non-MHO (p=0.02), but no difference was observed for MVPA and sedentary behavior patterns for youth and older adults. When adjusted for confounders, all bouts of sedentary behavior patterns in youth were significantly associated with being classified as MHO. Conclusion. This study suggests that greater sedentary time is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth even if they are physically active