L’effet de style. Au sujet du Sang du ciel de Piotr Rawicz

L’article propose une étude stylistique du Sang du ciel (1961) de Piotr Rawicz (1919-1982), s’interrogeant sur l’usage récurrent de l’ironie dans les récits du génocide. L’analyse d’une scène de massacre d’enfants juifs permet de situer l’ironie dans le cadre plus général d’une rhétorique de l’indicible spécifique aux récits du génocide : l’écriture du « faire comme si » l’on pouvait raconter ça là-bas vise à suspendre la lisibilité de la réalité représentée en brouillant les conventions du déjà-dit et du déjà-pensé par une modulation nouvelle des interférences esthétique et pathétique du discours littéraire. La réflexion cherche à montrer comment l’usage des figures par analogie comme la comparaison ou la métaphore produit un effet de vide imaginaire par une déconstruction de la structure tropique, alors que l’ironie, au contraire, déclenche un effet d’indicible par un excès de lisibilité.This article proposes a stylistic study of Piotr Rawicz’s (1919-1982) Sang du ciel [Blood from the sky] (1961) by examining the recurrent use of irony in narratives of the genocide. The analysis of a scene describing the massacre of Jewish children makes it possible to situate irony within the more general context of a rhetoric of the unspeakable that is specific to narratives about the genocide: writings on "doing as if" one could recount that over there aim to suspend the readability of the represented reality while blurring the conventions of the already-said and already-thought by a new modulation of the aesthetic and pathetic interferences of literary discourse. The discussion seeks to demonstrate how the use of figures by analogy like comparison or metaphor produces an effect of an imaginary void through a deconstruction of tropic structure, whereas irony, on the contrary, produces an effect of the unspeakable through an excess of readability

L’humour pathétique de Romain Gary : Sémio-pragmatique des figures de la véhémence

Dans cet article, nous montrons comment l’humour et le pathos peuvent renforcer une réception critique de la littérature de la Shoah. Nous définissons l’humour pathétique comme une stratégie rhétorique de l’indicible destinée à toucher le récepteur au plus fort de ses émotions. L’analyse pragmatique cherche à montrer que le but de cette procédure discursive consiste non pas à manipuler le lecteur, mais à lui conférer la conscience intime de la fragilité de son interprétation. Des passages tirés de Romain Gary nous permettent de définir trois temps d’un scénario pathétique : 1. l’usage de l’humour vise à déclencher une réception émotionnelle ; 2. le dialogue entre le narrateur et le lecteur soulève des incertitudes communicatives ; 3. le récepteur sollicite son corps comme une instance de médiation sémiotique pour donner sens à sa lecture.In this paper we would like to show how humor and pathos contribute to critical reading of the Holocaust literature. Pathetic humor will be defined as a rhetorical strategy of the unspeakable targeting the very emotion of the receiver. Our pragmatic approach shows how this strategy does not manipulate the reader, but gives him strong consciousness of the fragility of his interpretation. By analyzing Romain Gary’s work, we define a pathetic scenario : 1. The use of humor aims to provoke emotional reception. 2. The communication between the narrator and the reader is almost interrupted. 3. The reader uses the experience of his body as a semiotic mediation in order to give sense to what he is reading

L’art de l’irreprésentable : Au sujet de Intérieur de chambre à gaz, Lublin-Majdanek (1998) de Michael Kenna

Cette interprétation d’une photographie prise en 1998 de l’intérieur d’une chambre à gaz cherche à montrer comment les formants géométriques et chromatiques composent le nouveau régime artistique de l’irreprésentable. Nous envisageons ce régime à travers la rupture de la relation conventionnelle entre l’acte de désignation des objets du monde et les procédures de signification survenue par la Shoah, établissant un rapport nouveau entre forme et contenu artistique. L’exemple de la photographie de Michael Kenna permet de comprendre comment l’exigence de sens à laquelle répond l’interprétant définit la différence entre le lieu de l’extermination et sa représentation. Le travail artistique appelle ainsi à une herméneutique matérielle destinée à refondre la topique esthétique contemporaine.This interpretation of a photo taken in 1998 within a gas chamber would like to show how geometric and chromatic components of the image constitute the framework of a new approach to contemporary art. By analyzing the rupture between the conventional designation of the objects and the procedures of signification produced by the Holocaust, we recognize a new relation between artistic form and content. The example of the photo taken by Michael Kenna will help to understand why the expectation of knowledge as a response to the work of interpretation defines the difference between the place of extermination and its representation. Thus, art requires a materialistic approach to hermeneutics in order to renew the topics of contemporary esthetics

Présentation

Ce dossier de Mots. Les langages du politique s’inscrit dans les domaines de la linguistique, de la sémiotique et des sciences de la communication. Depuis plusieurs années, nombreux sont les ouvrages qui brossent un portrait alarmiste d’Internet et de l’influence qu’il aurait prise sur une politique sujette à toutes les manœuvres, déconnectée des réalités sociales et défiant les procédures légales établies (Negroponte, 1995 ; Lévy, 1997 ; Béra et Mechoulan, 1999). Cependant, les recherches me..

Bibliographie thématique (2001-2005. Internet et les langages du politique

ABRAMSON J. B., ARTERTON F. C. et al., 1988, The Electronic Commonwealth. The Impact of New Media Technologies on Democratic Politics, New York, Basic Books, 331 p. AITCHISON J., 2002, The Language Web, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 139 p. ANIS J. éd., 1999, Internet : communication et langue française, Paris, Hermès, 191 p. BÉRA M. et MECHOULAN E., 1999, La machine Internet, Paris, Odile Jacob, 318 p. BOARDMAN M., 2005, The Language of Websites, Londres, New York, Routledge, 117 p. ..

Wind Energy and the Turbulent Nature of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Wind turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are exposed to the turbulent atmospheric flows. As the response time of wind turbine is typically in the range of seconds, they are affected by the small scale intermittent properties of the turbulent wind. Consequently, basic features which are known for small-scale homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and in particular the well-known intermittency problem, have an important impact on the wind energy conversion process. We report on basic research results concerning the small-scale intermittent properties of atmospheric flows and their impact on the wind energy conversion process. The analysis of wind data shows strongly intermittent statistics of wind fluctuations. To achieve numerical modeling a data-driven superposition model is proposed. For the experimental reproduction and adjustment of intermittent flows a so-called active grid setup is presented. Its ability is shown to generate reproducible properties of atmospheric flows on the smaller scales of the laboratory conditions of a wind tunnel. As an application example the response dynamics of different anemometer types are tested. To achieve a proper understanding of the impact of intermittent turbulent inflow properties on wind turbines we present methods of numerical and stochastic modeling, and compare the results to measurement data. As a summarizing result we find that atmospheric turbulence imposes its intermittent features on the complete wind energy conversion process. Intermittent turbulence features are not only present in atmospheric wind, but are also dominant in the loads on the turbine, i.e. rotor torque and thrust, and in the electrical power output signal. We conclude that profound knowledge of turbulent statistics and the application of suitable numerical as well as experimental methods are necessary to grasp these unique features (...)Comment: Accepted by the Journal of Turbulence on May 17, 201

Systematic identification of long noncoding RNAs expressed during zebrafish embryogenesis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a diverse class of transcripts that structurally resemble mRNAs but do not encode proteins. Recent genome-wide studies in humans and the mouse have annotated lncRNAs expressed in cell lines and adult tissues, but a systematic analysis of lncRNAs expressed during vertebrate embryogenesis has been elusive. To identify lncRNAs with potential functions in vertebrate embryogenesis, we performed a time-series of RNA-seq experiments at eight stages during early zebrafish development. We reconstructed 56,535 high-confidence transcripts in 28,912 loci, recovering the vast majority of expressed RefSeq transcripts while identifying thousands of novel isoforms and expressed loci. We defined a stringent set of 1133 noncoding multi-exonic transcripts expressed during embryogenesis. These include long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs), intronic overlapping lncRNAs, exonic antisense overlapping lncRNAs, and precursors for small RNAs (sRNAs). Zebrafish lncRNAs share many of the characteristics of their mammalian counterparts: relatively short length, low exon number, low expression, and conservation levels comparable to that of introns. Subsets of lncRNAs carry chromatin signatures characteristic of genes with developmental functions. The temporal expression profile of lncRNAs revealed two novel properties: lncRNAs are expressed in narrower time windows than are protein-coding genes and are specifically enriched in early-stage embryos. In addition, several lncRNAs show tissue-specific expression and distinct subcellular localization patterns. Integrative computational analyses associated individual lncRNAs with specific pathways and functions, ranging from cell cycle regulation to morphogenesis. Our study provides the first systematic identification of lncRNAs in a vertebrate embryo and forms the foundation for future genetic, genomic, and evolutionary studies.National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (Grant 1RO1HG005111-01

Sixty years of genome biology

Sixty years after Watson and Crick published the double helix model of DNA's structure, thirteen members of Genome Biology's Editorial Board select key advances in the field of genome biology subsequent to that discovery