Serious fungal infections in Thailand

The burden of serious fungal infection in Thailand is increasing but data regarding its incidence and prevalence are lacking. In this study we aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal diseases in Thailand based on the size of the populations at risk and available epidemiological databases. Data derived from The Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Thai Ministry of Public Health, World Health Organisation, international and local reports, and some unreported data were used. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate frequencies of fungal infections, using previously described methodology by LIFE. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (>4 episodes per year) is estimated to occur in 3,310 per 100,000 population. Using a previously described rate that 14/10,000 admissions are with fungaemia and 94% of those are Candida, we estimated 8,650 patients with candidaemia. The prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is relatively high with a total of 19,044, approximately half subsequent to pulmonary tuberculosis. Invasive aspergillosis is estimated to affect 941 patients following leukaemia therapy, transplantations, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, approximately 1.4/100,000. In addition, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation were estimated at approximately 58.4/100,000 and 77/100,000, respectively. Given approximately 8,134 new cases of AIDS annually, cryptococcal meningitis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and Talaromyces marneffei infection are estimated at 1.9/100,000, 2.6/100,000, and 0.3/100,000, respectively. The present study indicates that about 1.93% (1,254,562) of the population is affected by serious fungal infections. Owing to the lack of data, reports, and statistics, the number of patients with mycoses in Thailand can only be estimated

The guinea pig ileum lacks the direct, high-potency, M2-muscarinic, contractile mechanism characteristic of the mouse ileum

We explored whether the M2 muscarinic receptor in the guinea pig ileum elicits a highly potent, direct-contractile response, like that from the M3 muscarinic receptor knockout mouse. First, we characterized the irreversible receptor-blocking activity of 4-DAMP mustard in ileum from muscarinic receptor knockout mice to verify its M3 selectivity. Then, we used 4-DAMP mustard to inactivate M3 responses in the guinea pig ileum to attempt to reveal direct, M2 receptor-mediated contractions. The muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine-M, elicited potent contractions in ileum from wild-type, M2 receptor knockout, and M3 receptor knockout mice characterized by negative log EC50 (pEC50) values ± SEM of 6.75 ± 0.03, 6.26 ± 0.05, and 6.99 ± 0.08, respectively. The corresponding Emax values in wild-type and M2 receptor knockout mice were approximately the same, but that in the M3 receptor knockout mouse was only 36% of wild type. Following 4-DAMP mustard treatment, the concentration–response curve of oxotremorine-M in wild-type ileum resembled that of the M3 knockout mouse in terms of its pEC50, Emax, and inhibition by selective muscarinic antagonists. Thus, 4-DAMP mustard treatment appears to inactivate M3 responses selectively and renders the muscarinic contractile behavior of the wild-type ileum similar to that of the M3 knockout mouse. Following 4-DAMP mustard treatment, the contractile response of the guinea pig ileum to oxotremorine-M exhibited low potency and a competitive-antagonism profile consistent with an M3 response. The guinea pig ileum, therefore, lacks a direct, highly potent, M2-contractile component but may have a direct, lower potency M2 component

Neue skandinavische Dipteren

Volume: 41Start Page: 24End Page: 4

Neue nordische Anthomyiden

Volume: 39Start Page: 148End Page: 19

Lispa litorea Fall, und pilosa Loew

Volume: 43Start Page: 176End Page: 17

Figure 3 in The fate of the TARDIS offspring: no intergenerational effects of space exposure

Figure 3. Mean fecundity (with SE) in the F1 generation (eggs produced by the P generation exposed in space) and the F3 generation (eggs produced by the F2 generation) in Milnesium tardigradum, based on the number of eggs in individual exuvia. Treatment categories: Control, Earth laboratory control; SV, space vacuum and cosmic radiation; SV+UVAB, space vacuum, cosmic radiation and UVAB. Number of replicate samples: F1, n = 4 for both controls and SV; F3: n = 4 for controls and 3 for SV. The analysis included only one sample of UV-exposed animals. Mean (SD) values F1: Control, 8.0 (1.15); SV, 7.1 (1.35); SV+UVAB, 7.0 (—). Mean (SD) values F3: Control, 9.6 (0.54); SV, 9.9 (0.058); SV+UVAB, 9.8 (—).Published as part of <i>Jonsson, K. Ingemar, Schill, Ralph O., Rabbow, Elke, Rettberg, Petra & Harms-Ringdahl, Mats, 2016, The fate of the TARDIS offspring: no intergenerational effects of space exposure, pp. 924-930 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (4)</i> on page 927, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12499, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10110632">http://zenodo.org/record/10110632</a&gt