Migration and Settlement in Finland

This report is part of the Comparative Migration and Settlement Study included in the Migration and Settlement Task in the Human Settlements and Services Area at IIASA. Its purpose is to give a detailed overview of the internal migration patterns, issues and policies in Finland. As such, the work amounts to a case study among the other corresponding reports made in countries belonging to IIASA and it is aimed at laying a basis for comparative research. However, this work can also be examined purely from the Finnish point of view. In this sense, it is to be hoped that this paper might open up new vistas and thus enlarge our understanding of the dynamics of multiregional population systems in Finland as well as provide policymakers with new tools for utilitzation in the analysis of human settlement systems

Migration and Settlement: 2. Finland

This report is part of the Comparative Migration and Settlement Study, in which case studies were made in 17 countries. It gives a detailed survey of patterns, issues, and policies of internal migration in Finland and investigates the current spatial population dynamics by applying multiregional demographic techniques

Three new species of Krogia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Paleotropics

Krogia borneensis Kistenich & Timdal, K. isidiata Kistenich & Timdal and macrophylla K. Kistenich & Timdal are described as new species, the first from Borneo and the two latter from New Caledonia. The new species are supported by morphology, secondary chemistry and DNA sequence data. Krogia borneensis and K. isidiata contain sekikaic and homosekikaic acid, both compounds reported here for the first time from the genus. Krogia macrophylla contains an unknown compound apparently related to boninic acid as the major compound. DNA sequences (mtSSU and nrITS) are provided for the first time for Krogia and a phylogeny of the genus based on 15 accessions of five of the six accepted species is presented. Krogia antillarum is reported as new to Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico

Three new species of Krogia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Paleotropics

Krogia borneensis Kistenich & Timdal, K. isidiata Kistenich & Timdal and macrophylla K. Kistenich & Timdal are described as new species, the first from Borneo and the two latter from New Caledonia. The new species are supported by morphology, secondary chemistry and DNA sequence data. Krogia borneensis and K. isidiata contain sekikaic and homosekikaic acid, both compounds reported here for the first time from the genus. Krogia macrophylla contains an unknown compound apparently related to boninic acid as the major compound. DNA sequences (mtSSU and nrITS) are provided for the first time for Krogia and a phylogeny of the genus based on 15 accessions of five of the six accepted species is presented. Krogia antillarum is reported as new to Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico

Alectorioid morphologies in Paleogene lichens : New evidence and re-evaluation of the fossil Alectoria succini Mägdefrau

One of the most important issues in molecular dating studies concerns the incorporation of reliable fossil taxa into the phylogenies reconstructed from DNA sequence variation in extant taxa. Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae and/or cyanobacteria. Several lichen fossils have been used as minimum age constraints in recent studies concerning the diversification of the Ascomycota. Recent evolutionary studies of Lecanoromycetes, an almost exclusively lichen-forming class in the Ascomycota, have utilized the Eocene amber inclusion Alectoria succinic as a minimum age constraint. However, a re-investigation of the type material revealed that this inclusion in fact represents poorly preserved plant remains, most probably of a root. Consequently, this fossil cannot be used as evidence of the presence of the genus Alectoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) or any other lichens in the Paleogene. However, newly discovered inclusions from Paleogene Baltic and Bitterfeld amber verify that alectorioid morphologies in lichens were in existence by the Paleogene. The new fossils represent either a lineage within the alectorioid group or belong to the genus Oropogon.Peer reviewe

A Subcarrier and Power Allocation Algorithm for OFDMA Full-Duplex Systems

In this paper, we focus on subcarrier and power allocation for an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) full-duplex (FD) system. A three-step algorithm is proposed to maximize the sum-rate of the system subject to individual rate constraints at the uplink and downlink users, and transmit power constraints at the base station (BS) and uplink users. The steps are: 1) Subcarrier allocation that considers user target rate requirements, 2) residual subcarrier allocation that further increases the sum rate, and 3) power allocation based on iterative water-filling (IWF). Simulation results reveal that the proposed FD scheduling improves the sum-rate over thetraditional half-duplex (HD) and round-robin (RR) scheduling significantly under the self-interference cancellation levels that has been recently achieved

A molecular approach to cyanobacterial diversity in a rock-pool community involving gelatinous lichens and free-living Nostoc colonies

Peer reviewe

Real time adaptive RF and digital self-interference cancellation for full-duplex transceivers

Abstract The challenges with full-duplex (FD) transceiver implementation and transmission in small area radio communication systems are considered. The main challenge in the FD transceiver design is the self-interference (SI). Analog and digital SI cancellation is used for SI mitigation. Analog SI isolation is performed at radio frequency (RF) by utilizing an antenna design based on the characteristic modes theory and using active cancellation principle. Phase and attenuation values of the active cancellation signal path are tuned using a variable-step steepest descent algorithm while transmitting a data signal to a distant node in foil-duplex mode. After the tuning, the SI isolation at RF processing is 90 dB. The remaining SI is then cancelled at the baseband processing for which the an estimate of the SI channel is needed. The SI channel estimation is done in full-duplex mode. Because the receiver has full knowledge of the transmitted signal, no extra pilots are used for the SI cancellation