Toisiinsa kietoutuneet: Suomen ortodoksisen kirkon ja Suomen valtiovallan pitkä yhteinen taival

The national independence of Finland in 1917 marked for the Finnish Orthodox Church strengthening of its position as a national church. Historical reasons gave grounds for the status: the Orthodox Church had been visibly present in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1800’s, and the Czarist regime had brought about prestige for it. In addition, a significant Orthodox population inhabited Karelia, the southeastern region of Finland. In the Regulation of the Greek-Catholic Church of Finland issued on November 26th, 1918, the relationship of the state with the church was accurately defined. The regulation enabled the government to control church life and to reduce the impact of Russianism within the Church. Nationalistic clergymen were satisfied with the solutions of the state. In their opinion, only a Finnish Church could continue to exist in Finland. The final resolution to the conditions was considered achieved in 1923 when the Finnish Orthodox Archdiocese was cut away from the Moscow Patriarchate and was connected with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In this process, the Finnish Government played a crucial role. Russian members of the Finnish Church, however, were often set against reforms and held the Moscow Patriarchate as their only true Mother-Church. After the World War II the connection to the state was once again highlighted. The Church needed the parliament to be inclined towards its reconstruction, since it had lost about 90% of its assets when Finnish territories were transferred to the Soviet Union. In 1945 a period of canonical re-evaluation began in the church when Moscow Patriarchate proposed a re-engagement of the canonical status of the Finnish Orthodox Church. Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino believed that the due to political reasons, the Finnish Church had to return to Moscow Patriarchate. However, the majority of the state leadership did not approve this. The canonical crisis subsided only in 1957. The Church-State relations continued to strengthen in 1960’s and 1970’s. During the era of Archbishop Paul a third episcopal see was established with government’s support. The Orthodox Church of Finland has greatly benefited from its good relations with the State. Especially the post-war reconstruction of the Church, funded by the government, was of a great advantage to the Church. According to estimates, the benefits of close state relations have been more significant than disadvantages.The national independence of Finland in 1917 marked for the Finnish Orthodox Church strengthening of its position as a national church. Historical reasons gave grounds for the status: the Orthodox Church had been visibly present in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1800’s, and the Czarist regime had brought about prestige for it. In addition, a significant Orthodox population inhabited Karelia, the southeastern region of Finland. In the Regulation of the Greek-Catholic Church of Finland issued on November 26th, 1918, the relationship of the state with the church was accurately defined. The regulation enabled the government to control church life and to reduce the impact of Russianism within the Church. Nationalistic clergymen were satisfied with the solutions of the state. In their opinion, only a Finnish Church could continue to exist in Finland. The final resolution to the conditions was considered achieved in 1923 when the Finnish Orthodox Archdiocese was cut away from the Moscow Patriarchate and was connected with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In this process, the Finnish Government played a crucial role. Russian members of the Finnish Church, however, were often set against reforms and held the Moscow Patriarchate as their only true Mother-Church. After the World War II the connection to the state was once again highlighted. The Church needed the parliament to be inclined towards its reconstruction, since it had lost about 90% of its assets when Finnish territories were transferred to the Soviet Union. In 1945 a period of canonical re-evaluation began in the church when Moscow Patriarchate proposed a re-engagement of the canonical status of the Finnish Orthodox Church. Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino believed that the due to political reasons, the Finnish Church had to return to Moscow Patriarchate. However, the majority of the state leadership did not approve this. The canonical crisis subsided only in 1957. The Church-State relations continued to strengthen in 1960’s and 1970’s. During the era of Archbishop Paul a third episcopal see was established with government’s support. The Orthodox Church of Finland has greatly benefited from its good relations with the State. Especially the post-war reconstruction of the Church, funded by the government, was of a great advantage to the Church. According to estimates, the benefits of close state relations have been more significant than disadvantages

Matkailun tietoaineistot yritysten voimavarana

Matkailututkimus 13: 1-2/2017

Scaling of graphene field-effect transistors supported on hexagonal boron nitride: radio-frequency stability as a limiting factor

The quality of graphene in nanodevices has increased hugely thanks to the use of hexagonal boron nitride as a supporting layer. This paper studies to which extent hBN together with channel length scaling can be exploited in graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) to get a competitive radio frequency (RF) performance. Carrier mobility and saturation velocity were obtained from an ensemble Monte Carlo simulator that accounted for the relevant scattering mechanisms (intrinsic phonons, scattering with impurities and defects, etc.). This information is fed into a self consistent simulator, which solves the drift diffusion equation coupled with the two dimensional Poisson's equation to take full account of short channel effects. Simulated GFET characteristics were benchmarked against experimental data from our fabricated devices. Our simulations show that scalability is supposed to bring to RF performance an improvement that is, however, highly limited by instability. Despite the possibility of a lower performance, a careful choice of the bias point can avoid instability. Nevertheless, maximum oscillation frequencies are still achievable in the THz region for channel lengths of a few hundreds of nanometers.Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, Supplementary Information (10 pages) Funded by: 1 Micronova Nanofabrication Centre 2 European Union's Horizon 2020 (696656) 3 MINECO (TEC2013-42622-R, TEC2015-67462-C2-1-R, TEC2016-80839-P, MINECO/FEDER, FJCI-2014-19643) 4 MECD (CAS16/00043) 5 Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 384

Robot-assisted versus three-dimensional laparoscopic radical prostatectomy : 12-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial

Objectives: To compare functional and oncological outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) to three-dimensional laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (3D-LRP) at 12 months after surgery. Patients and methods: Prospective randomised single-centre study of 145 consecutive men referred to radical prostatectomy in a tertiary referral centre in Finland. Patients were randomised 1:1 to the RALP (N = 75) and 3D-LRP (N = 70) groups. The primary outcome was urinary continence evaluated with the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite 26-item version (EPIC-26) incontinence domain score at 12 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes included the use of protective pads at 12 months after surgery, EPIC-26 domain scores of irritative/obstructive, bowel, sexual and hormonal symptoms, positive surgical margin (PSM) rate, and biochemical recurrence (BCR). Complication frequency within the 3-month period after surgery was evaluated according to Clavien–Dindo classification. Statistical significance between groups was analysed using Mann–Whitney, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The trial was terminated after interim analysis based on no statistically significant difference in EPIC-26 urinary incontinence domain scores. Altogether 145 patients of the target accrual of 280 patients were recruited. Results: Postoperative continence at 12 months after surgery according to the EPIC-26 incontinence domain was 79.25 in both groups (P = 0.4). Between group difference was −5.8 (95% confidence interval –15.2 to 3.6). There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of PSM or BCR between the two surgical modality groups. Conclusion: We were unable to demonstrate a difference between the RALP and 3D-LRP groups for functional and oncological outcomes at 12 months after surgery.Peer reviewe

Randomised double-blind phase 3 clinical study testing impact of atorvastatin on prostate cancer progression after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy : study protocol

Introduction Blood cholesterol is likely a risk factor for prostate cancer prognosis and use of statins is associated with lowered risk of prostate cancer recurrence and progression. Furthermore, use of statins has been associated with prolonged time before development of castration resistance (CR) during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. However, the efficacy of statins on delaying castration-resistance has not been tested in a randomised placebo-controlled setting. This study aims to test statins' efficacy compared to placebo in delaying development of CR during ADT treatment for primary metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer. Secondary aim is to explore effect of statin intervention on prostate cancer mortality and lipid metabolism during ADT. Methods and analysis In this randomised placebo-controlled trial, a total of 400 men with de novo metastatic prostate cancer or recurrent disease after primary treatment and starting ADT will be recruited and randomised 1:1 to use daily 80 mg of atorvastatin or placebo. All researchers, study nurses and patients will be blinded throughout the trial. Patients are followed until disease recurrence or death. Primary outcome is time to formation of CR after initiation of ADT. Serum lipid levels (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and trigyserides) are analysed to test whether changes in serum cholesterol parameters during ADT predict length of treatment response. Furthermore, the trial will compare quality of life, cardiovascular morbidity, changes in blood glucose and circulating cell-free DNA, and urine lipidome during trial. Ethics and dissemination This study is approved by the Regional ethics committees of the Pirkanrnaa Hospital District, Science centre, Tampere, Finland (R18065M) and Tarto University Hospital, Tarto, Estonia (319/T-6). All participants read and sign informed consent form before study entry. After publication of results for the primary endpoints, anonymised summary metadata and statistical code will be made openly available. The data will not include any information that could make it possible to identify a given participant.Peer reviewe

Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Biparametric Prostate MRI, Radiomics, and Kallikreins : A Retrospective Multicenter Study of Men With a Clinical Suspicion of Prostate Cancer

Background Accurate detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), Gleason Grade Group >= 2, remains a challenge. Prostate MRI radiomics and blood kallikreins have been proposed as tools to improve the performance of biparametric MRI (bpMRI). Purpose To develop and validate radiomics and kallikrein models for the detection of csPCa. Study Type Retrospective. Population A total of 543 men with a clinical suspicion of csPCa, 411 (76%, 411/543) had kallikreins available and 360 (88%, 360/411) did not take 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Two data splits into training, validation (split 1: single center, n = 72; split 2: random 50% of pooled datasets from all four centers), and testing (split 1: 4 centers, n = 288; split 2: remaining 50%) were evaluated. Field strength/Sequence A 3 T/1.5 T, TSE T2-weighted imaging, 3x SE DWI. Assessment In total, 20,363 radiomic features calculated from manually delineated whole gland (WG) and bpMRI suspicion lesion masks were evaluated in addition to clinical parameters, prostate-specific antigen, four kallikreins, MRI-based qualitative (PI-RADSv2.1/IMPROD bpMRI Likert) scores. Statistical Tests For the detection of csPCa, area under receiver operating curve (AUC) was calculated using the DeLong's method. A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the predictive power of combining variables. The values of P-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Results The highest prediction performance was achieved by IMPROD bpMRI Likert and PI-RADSv2.1 score with AUC = 0.85 and 0.85 in split 1, 0.85 and 0.83 in split 2, respectively. bpMRI WG and/or kallikreins demonstrated AUCs ranging from 0.62 to 0.73 in split 1 and from 0.68 to 0.76 in split 2. AUC of bpMRI lesion-derived radiomics model was not statistically different to IMPROD bpMRI Likert score (split 1: AUC = 0.83, P-value = 0.306; split 2: AUC = 0.83, P-value = 0.488). Data Conclusion The use of radiomics and kallikreins failed to outperform PI-RADSv2.1/IMPROD bpMRI Likert and their combination did not lead to further performance gains. Level of Evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 2Peer reviewe