Dynamic tensile testing of needlepunched nonwoven fabrics

The tensile testing of a needle-punched nonwoven fabric is presented. A high-sensitivity Split-Hopkinson Tensile Bar device was specifically designed for this purpose. The strain gauge measurements were combined with high-speed photography and Digital Image Correlation to analyse the deformation micromechanisms at high strain rates. The experimental set-up allowed to determine the wave propagation velocity of the as-received nonwove fabric, the evolution of the strain field with deformation and the wave interaction inside the fabric. The deformation was accommodated by the same micromechanisms observed during quasi-static tensile testing and ballistic impact, which comprised fibre straightening, rotation and sliding. Heterogeneous strain fields were developed in the nonwoven fabric as a result of the non-linear pseudoplastic response of the fabric and the internal dissipation due to the frictional deformation micromechanisms, preventing the propagation of high magnitude strain waves into the specimen. Additionally, the output forces were analysed to determine the influence of high-strain rates in the mechanical response of the nonwoven fabric, finding an increment of the stiffness for low applied strains under dynamic loading. These findings provide the basis to develop strain-rate dependent constitutive models to predict wave propagation in needle-punched nonwoven fabrics when subjected to impact loads

Electrochemical Fenton-based treatment of tetracaine in synthetic and urban wastewater using active and non-active anodes

The electrochemical degradation of tetracaine hydrochloride has been studied in urban wastewater. Treatments in simulated matrix with similar ionic composition as well as in 0.050 M Na2SO4 were comparatively performed. The cell contained an air-diffusion cathode for H2O2 electrogeneration and an anode selected among active Pt, IrO2-based and RuO2-based materials and non-active boron-doped diamond (BDD). Electrochemical oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (EO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) were comparatively assessed at pH 3.0 and constant current density. The pharmaceutical and its byproducts were oxidized by ¿OH formed from water oxidation at the anode surface and in the bulk from Fenton's reaction, which occurred upon addition of 0.50 mM Fe2+ in all media, along with active chlorine originated from the anodic oxidation of Cl- contained in the simulated matrix and urban wastewater. The PEF process was the most powerful treatment regardless of the electrolyte composition, owing to the additional photolysis of intermediates by UVA radiation. The use of BDD led to greater mineralization compared to other anodes, being feasible the total removal of all organics from urban wastewater by PEF at long electrolysis time. Chlorinated products were largely recalcitrant when Pt, IrO2-based or RuO2-based anodes were used, whereas they were effectively destroyed by BDD(¿OH). Tetracaine decay always obeyed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, being slightly faster with the RuO2-based anode in Cl- media because of the higher amounts of active chlorine produced. Total nitrogen and concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4- and active chlorine were determined to clarify the behavior of the different electrodes in PEF. Eight intermediates were identified by GC-MS and fumaric and oxalic acids were quantified as final carboxylic acids by ion-exclusion HPLC, allowing the proposal of a plausible reaction sequence for tetracaine mineralization by PEF in Cl--containing medium

Electrochemical oxidation of anesthetic tetracaine in aqueous medium. Influence of the anode and matrix composition

The degradation of 150 mL of 0.561 mM tetracaine hydrochloride at pH 3.0 by electrochemical oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (EO-H2O2) has been studied at a low current density of 33.3 mA cm(2) in three different matrices: 0.050 M Na2SO4, real urban wastewater and a simulated matrix mimicking its electrolyte composition. Comparative trials were performed in an undivided cell with a 3 cm(2) borondoped diamond (BDD), Pt, IrO2-based or RuO2-based anode and a 3 cm(2) air-diffusion cathode that allowed continuous H2O2 electrogeneration. In 0.050 M Na2SO4, much faster and overall removal of tetracaine occurred using BDD because of the large oxidation ability of BDD((OH)-O-center dot) formed from anodic water oxidation. In either simulated matrix or real wastewater, the RuO2-based anode yielded the quickest tetracaine decay due to a large production of active chlorine from anodic oxidation of Cl . For the mineralization of the organic matter content, the BDD/air-diffusion cell was the best choice in all aqueous matrices, always reaching more than 50% of total organic carbon abatement after 360 min of electrolysis, as expected if BDD((OH)-O-center dot) mineralizes more easily the chloroderivatives formed from tetracaine oxidation in the presence of active chlorine. The initial N of tetracaine was partly transformed into NO3, although the total nitrogen of all solutions always decayed by the release of volatile by-products. In the Cl - containing matrices, significant amounts of ClO3 and ClO4 were obtained using BDD, whereas active chlorine was much largely produced using the RuO2-based anode. Five aromatic by-products, one of them being chlorinated, along with low concentrations of oxalic acid were identified. The change in toxicity during EO-H2O2 with BDD in the sulfate and simulated matrices was also assessed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

La Unión Europea y los distintos tipos de acuerdos internacionales de España. Una referencia al Brexit

Sumario: I. Introducción. II. Los tratados y el derecho de la UE. 1. El acuerdo de retirada entre la UE y el RU. 2. El acuerdo de relación futura entre la UE y los Estados miembros con el RU. 3. Casos relativos a la primacía del Derecho de la UE sobre los acuerdos internacionales. III. Los acuerdos internacionales administrativos y el derecho de la UE. 1. La presencia de una práctica fértil con vacíos y enigmas regulatorios. 2. Acuerdos de compartición y de colocación entre las misiones diplomáticas de los Estados miembros y las delegaciones de la UE. 3. Acuerdos entre el Reino de España y las instituciones de la UE. 4. Acuerdos entre órganos de los Estados miembros y órganos de terceros países sobre la base de un Reglamento de la UE. IV. Los acuerdos no normativos o políticos y el derecho de la UE. 1. La deficiente regulación en la UE pese a la importancia práctica. 2. Variedad de acuerdos por razón de su objeto y la distribución competencial. V. Conclusiones

Modelization of advanced nonwoven fabrics subjected to tensile loads

Umjetnosti predstavljaju bitan dio odgojno-obrazovnog procesa jer pružaju djeci mogućnost izražavanja misli, emocija, istraživanja novih ideja te time doprinose cjelovitom razvoju djeteta. Ples je za djecu najprirodnije sredstvo izraza jer slobodno i nesputano ritmičko kretanje pruža radost i zadovoljstvo te djeci omogućuje izražavanje i komuniciranje pokretom. Važnost plesno-ritmičkog odgoja za razvoj svakog pojedinog djeteta sadržana je u potrebi za izražavanjem njegove cjelokupne ličnosti. U novije vrijeme sve se više okreće kreativnom plesu, kao novoj formi plesa. Kreativni ples, za razliku od ostalih plesova, dopušta i zahtijeva spontanu kreativnost i improvizaciju te može sadržavati elemente i plesne forme bilo kojeg plesa. U kreativnom plesu pokreti se kombiniraju, stvaraju u tijelu i ostvaruju u potpuno novoj dimenziji. Time se zadržava dječje stvaralaštvo u njegovoj izvornosti. Ovim diplomskim radom stavlja se naglasak kako suština plesa unutar odgojno-obrazovne prakse nije u zapamćivanju i ponavljanju pokazanih pokreta već u poticanju djece da u skladu sa svojim sposobnostima istražuju pokret kroz različite poticaje u kontekstu sadržaja tema umjetničkog odgojnog plesa.Art is an essential part of the educational process, as it provides children with the ability to express their thoughts, emotions, research into new ideas and it contributes to the integral development of the child. Dance is the most natural mean of expression for children because free and unrestrained rhythmic movement provides joy and pleasure and enables children to express and communicate through movement. The importance of dance and rhythmic education, for each individual child, is contained in the need to express his entire personality. Creative dance has recently appeared as a new form of dance. Creative dance, unlike other dances, allows and requires spontaneous creativity and improvisation and can contain elements and dance forms of any dance. In creative dance, the movements are combined and created in a completely new way. This keeps the child's creativity in its authenticity. This graduate thesis emphasizes that the essence of dance within the educational practice is not in recalling and repetition of the demonstrated movements but in encouraging children to explore the movement according to their abilities through various incentives