Determinación de la actividad lactasica de kluyveromyces fragilis

Se produjeron las células de Kluyveromyces-fragiiis por fermentación en cochada a 29°C, en un medio de cultivo previamente estandarizado por Manosalva, H., Nieto, G. (2) y se retiraron del medio de fermentación al inicio de la fase estacionaria (14 h) para posteriormente permeabilizarlas. Se compararon dos agentes de permeabilización, alcohol isoamílicoy bromuro de cetiltrimetilaminio(CTAB) y se determinó la actividad lactásica empleando dos sustratos, ortonitrofenil-(3Dgalactopiranósido (ONPG) y lactosa. La permeabilización de las células empleando uno u otro agente aumentó la actividad 200 veces respecto a las células intactas. Se hicieron ensayos de inmovilización de Kluyveromycesfragilis, por el método de absorción sobre tres carbones activados y se determinó la actividad lactásica de los complejos carbón-célula, usando lactosa como sustrato. Se encontró que a mayor área superficial mayor actividad del complejo carbón-célula

Aulas flexibles : un espacio de reflexión frente a la resignificación del lenguaje oral en los estudiantes de la I. E. Rafael J. Mejía para el empoderamiento de las competencias ciudadanas

RESUMEN: El trabajo de grado “Aulas flexibles: Un espacio de reflexión frente a la Resignificación del lenguaje oral en los estudiantes de la I.E Rafael J Mejía para el empoderamiento de las competencias ciudadanas” es una investigación cualitativa. La población estudiantil fue los niños y jóvenes estudiantes de las aulas flexibles en extraedad, esa condición de una u otra manera ha afectado su regularidad escolar, además “tienen comportamientos no adecuados” y muestran dificultades académicas. Esta problemática se asocia la mayor parte de las veces con un mal uso del lenguaje y con la dificultad para resolver diferentes situaciones problema, presentes en la cotidianidad y en las relaciones consigo mismo, con sus pares y el entorno. Esta situación nos llevó a plantear así algunas estrategias de solución a través de los talleres como estrategia y el interaccionismo simbólico como enfoque metodológico, en el trabajo se desarrollaron 6 talleres que permitieron resignificar el lenguaje oral, fortalecer y empoderarlos en las competencias ciudadanas, lo cual conllevó a mejorar sus relaciones sociales, consigo mismos y con el entorno. Para ello, se utilizó como enfoque metodológico el interaccionismo simbólico – como ya se dijo-; con el cual pretendimos suscitar en los estudiantes un proceso reflexivo y consciente que permitiera una mejor expresión y mejores formas comunicativas; maneras más tranquilas y positivas, generando así espacios de convivencia, tolerancia y paz. Es importante mencionar que la sistematización de este trabajo de profundización se ejecuta a través de la narrativa: “De las cavernas al jardín de los Orcos.ABSTRACT: The dissertation “Flexible classrooms: A place to reflect about resignification (to do another sense to words) of the oral language to the students from the I.E. Rafael J. Mejia to empower the civic competences” is a qualitative investigation. The population was the students from the flexible classrooms, who are children and teens older than the school-age. This condition has affected their school regularity, besides they have not an appropriated behavior and they have academic difficult. Mainly, this problematic is associated with a wrong use to the language and with a difficult to resolve different problematic situations that we live every day. They have problems in relation with themselves and problems to be in contact with other people and the environment. Is because of this problem that we created resolve-strategies through workshops like a strategic and the symbolic interactionism like a methodological approach. We develop 6 workshops who afford to do significance the oral language of the students to strengthen and improve their civic competences, these workshops allow to improve their social relations, with the environment and with themselves. To do the workshops we use the symbolic interactionism as the methodological approach, with this, we pretended provoke a reflexive and conscious process in the students to afford a better language expression and a better form of communication with an easier and positive way to communication, in order to create spaces with a social harmony, tolerance and peace. Is important to mention the deep systematization of this dissertation was executed through the narrative: “From de cavern to the garden of the Orcs

EFECTO DE LA LUZ LED DE ALTA INTENSIDAD SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO DE PLÁNTULAS DE BRÓCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.)

Dado su alto valor nutricional y los beneficios a la salud por los compuestos anticancerígenos que posee, el brócoli (Brassica oleraceaL.) se ha convertido en un cultivo de importancia dentro de las hortalizas, por lo que es necesario incrementar su consumo y producción por la sociedad mexicana. Esta investigación planteó como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la luz LED de alta intensidad de distinta longitud de onda (rojo, azul y verde), en germinación y crecimiento de plántulas de brócoli, evaluando las variables velocidad de germinación (VG), porcentaje de germinación (PGF), longitud media de hipocótilo (LMH), peso fresco (PF) y seco (PS) de las plántulas, en busca de alternativas de iluminación para la producción en ambiente controlado. Los tiempos de exposición con luz roja, azul y verde, proveniente de LEDs de alta intensidad fueron de 12, seis y tres horas, con un complemento de tiempo para los últimos dos tratamientos con luz LED blanca. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones de 30 semillas por unidad experimental. Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los tratamientos de las variables evaluadas. Los tratamientos con luz roja presentaron los mayores valores de VG, donde el rojo por 12 horas fue el mejor con incrementos del 25% contra el control. La variable LMH en el tratamiento verde por 12 horas tuvo incremento del 39% respecto al control, convirtiéndose en el mejor. Por otro lado, en la variable PF, el mayor peso se presentó en el tratamiento verde por 12 horas con un incremento contra el control del 16%. Finalmente en la variable PS, el mayor peso se presentó en el tratamiento rojo por 12 horas con un incremento contra el control del 6%. Estos resultados mostraron que las respuestas fisiológicas producidas por la exposición a distintas longitudes de onda de luz LED de alta intensidad en semilla de brócoli variaron de acuerdo con el tiempo de exposición y tipo de longitud de onda usdo, además de que este tipo de iluminación mostró ser una opción viable para mejorar la calidad fisiológica del brócoli

Calidad de vida en personas portadoras de una ostomía digestiva.: Quality of life in people carrying a digestive ostomy.

Introduction: Stomized patients experience clinical, personal, familiar and social difficulties that affect their life quality. Objective: Perform a bibliometric and exploratory review related to the life quality of people with digestive stomas. Methodology: The study did research on Scopus using the descriptors: “Quality of life” and “Surgical stomas”. The selected articles were published since 2014, in any language,  derived from research  and reviews, written by the Nursing area only or in cooperation with other health areas; publications about urinary and respiratory stomas were excluded. Results: The total sample consisted of 39 manuscripts. The year with the most publications was 2016; 66.7% of the research corresponded to low levels of evidence and 56.4% corresponded to descriptive researches. On the exploratory level, 31.4% of the studies used  questionnaires related to life quality, 14.2% examined life quality through qualitative studies and 54.2% evaluated other subjects related to life quality. Conclusion: the bibliometrics shows publications with low levels of evidence. The exploratory results show alterations, mainly in the physical wellbeing, generating confrontation experiences that affect the quality of life. Introducción: las personas ostomizadas experimentan problemáticas clínicas, personales, familiares y sociales que repercuten en su calidad de vida. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliométrica y exploratoria relacionada con la calidad de vida en personas portadoras de ostomías digestivas. Metodología: se realizó búsqueda en Scopus, utilizando los descriptores: “Quality of life” y “Surgical stomas”. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados a partir del año 2014, en cualquier idioma, derivados de investigación y revisiones, escritos por enfermería exclusivamente o en cooperación con otras áreas de salud; se excluyeron las publicaciones de ostomías urológicas y respiratorias. Resultados: la muestra total fue de 39 manuscritos. El año de mayor publicación fue 2016; el 66,7 % de las investigaciones correspondía a nivel de evidencia baja y el 56,4 % correspondía a investigaciones descriptivas. A nivel exploratorio, el 31,4 % de los estudios utilizó cuestionarios relacionados con la calidad de vida, en el 14,2 % se indagó la calidad de vida a través de estudios cualitativos y en el 54,2 % se evaluaron otras temáticas que interfieren en la calidad de vida. Conclusión: la bibliometría muestra publicaciones con nivel de evidencia baja. Los resultados exploratorios muestran alteración del bienestar en la dimensión física primordialmente, generando situaciones de afrontamiento que afectan la calidad de vida

Innate and adaptive immune assessment at admission to predict clinical outcome in covid-19 patients

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies have been carried out to evaluate different immune system components to search for prognostic biomarkers of the disease. A broad multiparametric antibody panel of cellular and humoral components of the innate and the adaptative immune response in patients with active SARS-CoV-2 infection has been evaluated in this study. A total of 155 patients were studied at admission into our center and were categorized according to the requirement of oxygen therapy as mild or severe (the latter being those with the requirement). The patients with severe disease were older and had high ferritin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, troponin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and neutrophilia with lymphopenia at admission. Moreover, the patients with mild symptoms had significantly increased circulating non-classical monocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and regulatory NK cells. In contrast, severe patients had a low frequency of Th1 and regulatory T cells with increased activated and exhausted CD8 phenotype (CD8+CD38+HLADR+ and CD8+CD27-CD28-, respectively). The predictive model included age, ferritin, D-dimer, lymph counts, C4, CD8+CD27-CD28-, and non-classical monocytes in the logistic regression analysis. The model predicted severity with an area under the curve of 78%. Both innate and adaptive immune parameters could be considered potential predictive biomarkers of the prognosis of COVID-19 disease.Funding: This work was partially supported by the Cantabrian Government, grant number 2020UIC22-PUB-001, and by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grant number COV20/00170

Adherence to Human Colon Cells by Multidrug Resistant Enterobacterales Strains Isolated From Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With a Focus on Citrobacter freundii

Enterobacteria species are common causes of hospital-acquired infections, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Immunocompromised patients such as solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are especially at risk because they are frequently exposed to antibiotics in the course of their treatments. In this work, we used a collection of 106 Escherichia coli, 78 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 25 Enterobacter spp., and 24 Citrobacter spp. multidrug resistant strains isolated from transplant patients (hepatic, renal or renal/pancreatic) in order to examine their ability to adhere in vitro to HT-29 human colon cells, and to determine if some adhesive characteristics are associated with prevalence and persistence of these strains. A total of 33 E. coli (31%), 21 K. pneumoniae (27%), 7 Enterobacter spp. (28%), and 5 Citrobacter spp. (21%), adhered to the colon epithelial cells. Two main adherence patterns were observed in the four species analyzed, diffuse adherence, and aggregative adherence. Under transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), most bacteria lacked visible fimbria on their surface, despite their strong adherence to epithelial cells. None of the strains studied was able to induce any cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells although some of them strongly colonizing both cells and glass coverslips at high density. Some of the strains failed to adhere to the epithelial cells but adhered strongly to the cover-slide, which shows that microscopy studies are mandatory to elucidate the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells in vitro, and that quantitative assays using colony forming unit (CFUs) counting need to be supplemented with pictures to determine definitively if a bacterial strain adheres or not to animal cells in vitro. We report here, for the first time, the aggregative adherence pattern of two multidrug resistant (MDR) Citrobacter freundii strains isolated from human patients; importantly, biofilm formation in Citrobacter is totally dependent on the temperature; strong biofilms were formed at room temperature (RT) but not at 37°C, which can play an important role in the colonization of hospital surfaces. In conclusion, our results show that there is a great variety of adhesion phenotypes in multidrug-resistant strains that colonize transplanted patients.This research was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias PI13/01191 to MF and PI16/01103 to JR-V), Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0007, RD16/0016/0010, RD16/0016/0012, RD16/0016/0011, RD16/0016/0008, and RD16/0016/0002) co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund A way to achieve Europe ERDF, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Acciones de dinamización ≪Redes de Investigación≫RED2018-102469-

Aproximación terapéutica a las infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes.

RESUMEN: La infección nosocomial por microorganismos multirresistentes se asocia en la mayoría de los casos a un retraso en el inicio de un tratamiento adecuado y a un fracaso terapéutico, prolongando la estancia hospitalaria, los costes y la mortalidad. Los microorganismos multirresistentes de mayor importancia clínica son: Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, Enterococcus resistente a vancomicina, enterobacterias multirresistentes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter multirresistente. Entre los factores de riesgo para presentar infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes destacan el tener una estancia hospitalaria prolongada, el ingreso en unidades de cuidados intensivos, el empleo de antibióticos de amplio espectro y la presencia de dispositivos invasivos. Es de gran importancia la correcta elección de la antibioterapia para el tratamiento de infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes, pero no son menos importantes algunas actitudes básicas descritas en esta revisión, que pueden evitar que estas infecciones lleguen a producirse, con lo que ahorraremos al paciente riesgo, tiempo de hospitalización y toxicidad farmacológica.ABSTRACT: Nosocomial infection by multiresistant microorganisms is associated with delayed initiation of adequate therapy and therapeutic failure, prolonging hospital stay, cost and mortality. Multiresistant microorganisms with a higher clinically relevance are: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, multiresistant enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter. The risk factors for infection due to multiresistant microorganisms are mainly: to have a prolonged hospital stay, stay in a intensive care unit, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the presence of invasive devices. It is really important the correct choice of antibiotherapy to treat infections by multiresistant microorganisms. However, there are not less important some basic attitudes described in this review, which could prevent that these infections happen, decreasing the patient risk, time of hospitalization and drug toxicity

Uso racional de los antibióticos y multirresistencia. Nuevos antimicrobianos.

RESUMEN: El uso inadecuado de antibióticos es actualmente un problema mundial que requiere la revisión de las políticas sanitarias, dada la repercusión que tiene tanto a nivel individual como social. Es de gran importancia detectar la infección l oantes posible, identificar el foco y el patógeno causal, así como su susceptibilidad antibiótica para establecer un tratamiento antibiótico apropiado. Las resistencias a antibióticos son un problema que va aumentando tanto a nivel comunitario como hospitalario, generando una mayor morbilidad, mortalidad y gastos hospitalarios. Debido a esto en los últimos años se han creado en distintos centros hospitalarios programas de optimización de tratamientos antimicrobianos (PROA). Por otro lado, el aumento de las resistencias ha favorecido un incremento en el desarrollo y posterior comercialización de nuevas moléculas antibióticas frente a los principales microorganismos hospitalarios multirresistentes.ABSTRACT: The bad use of antibiotics is a growing problem in global public health that requires action by all government sectors and society in general. It is very important to detect the infection as soon as possible, identify the source of infection, causative pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility to establish an appropriate antibiotic treatment. The antibiotic resistance is a problem that is increasing over time at Community and in hospitals, generating an increase in morbidity and mortality. Because of this, years ago, antimicrobial stewardships programs began to be created in different hospitals (called PROA in this document). On the other hand, increased resistance has favored the development and commercialization of new molecules of antibiotics against most of the multiresistant microorganisms

Biofilm formation by multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from solid organ transplant recipients

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are especially at risk of developing infections by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). In this study, the biofilm-forming capability of 209 MDR strains (Escherichia coli n = 106, Klebsiella pneumoniae n = 78, and Enterobacter spp. n = 25) isolated from rectal swabs in the first 48 hours before or after kidney (93 patients), liver (60 patients) or kidney/pancreas transplants (5 patients) were evaluated by using a microplate assay. Thirty-nine strains were isolated before transplant and 170 strains were isolated post-transplant. Overall, 16% of E. coli strains, 73% of K. pneumoniae strains and 4% Enterobacter strains showed moderate or strong biofilm production. Nine strains isolated from infection sites after transplantation were responsible of infections in the first month. Of these, 4 K. pneumoniae, 1 E. coli and 1 Enterobacter spp. strains isolated pre-transplant or post-transplant as colonizers caused infections in the post-transplant period. Our results suggest that in vitro biofilm formation could be an important factor for adhesion to intestine and colonization in MDR K. pneumoniae strains in SOT recipients, but this factor appears to be less important for MDR E. coli and Enterobacter spp.Acknowledgements: The authors thank Dr. Fidel Madrazo (Electron Microscopy Unit, Technology Support Services, IDIVAL) for helping with confocal microscopy. This research was supported by ‘Plan Nacional de I + D + i and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias PI 13/01191 to MCF and PI 16/01103 to JRV), Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015) and (REIPI RD16/0016) co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe” ERDF

Genomics And Susceptibility Profiles Of Extensively Drug-resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates From Spain

This study assessed the molecular epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, and susceptibility profiles of a collection of 150 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates obtained from a 2015 Spanish multicenter study, with a particular focus on resistome analysis in relation to ceftolozane-tazobactam susceptibility. Broth microdilution MICs revealed that nearly all (> 95%) of the isolates were nonsusceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Most of them were also resistant to tobramycin (77%), whereas nonsusceptibility rates were lower for ceftolozane-tazobactam (31%), amikacin (7%), and colistin (2%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-multilocus sequence typing (PFGE-MLST) analysis revealed that nearly all of the isolates belonged to previously described high-risk clones. Sequence type 175 (ST175) was detected in all 9 participating hospitals and accounted for 68% (n = 101) of the XDR isolates, distantly followed by ST244 (n = 16), ST253 (n = 12), ST235 (n = 8), and ST111 (n = 2), which were detected only in 1 to 2 hospitals. Through phenotypic and molecular methods, the presence of horizontally acquired carbapenemases was detected in 21% of the isolates, mostly VIM (17%) and GES enzymes (4%). At least two representative isolates from each clone and hospital (n = 44) were fully sequenced on an illumina MiSeq. Classical mutational mechanisms, such as those leading to the overexpression of the beta-lactamase AmpC or efflux pumps, OprD inactivation, and/or quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) mutations, were confirmed in most isolates and correlated well with the resistance phenotypes in the absence of horizontally acquired determinants. Ceftolozane-tazobactam resistance was not detected in carbapenemase-negative isolates, in agreement with sequencing data showing the absence of ampC mutations. The unique set of mutations responsible for the XDR phenotype of ST175 clone documented 7 years earlier were found to be conserved, denoting the long-term persistence of this specific XDR lineage in Spanish hospitals. Finally, other potentially relevant mutations were evidenced, including those in penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3), which is involved in beta-lactam (including ceftolozane-tazobactam) resistance, and FusA1, which is linked to aminoglycoside resistance