Rate of lineage origin explains the diversity anomaly in the World’s mangrove vegetation

The contribution of nonecological factors to global patterns in diversity is evident when species richness differs between regions with similar habitats and geographic area. Mangrove environments in the Eastern Hemisphere harbor six times as many species of trees and shrubs as similar environments in the New World. Genetic divergence of mangrove lineages from terrestrial relatives, in combination with fossil evidence, suggests that mangrove diversity is limited by evolutionary transition into the stressful marine environment, the number of mangrove lineages has increased steadily over the Tertiary with little global extinction, and the diversity anomaly in mangrove vegetation reflects regional differences in the rate of origin of new mangrove lineages

Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java

The Javanese - one of the largest ethnic groups in the Islamic world - were once mostly 'nominal Muslims' with pious believers a minority and the majority seemingly resistant to Islam's call for greater piety. Over the tumultuous period analyzed here - from the 1930s to the 2000s - that society has changed profoundly to become an extraordinary example of the rising religiosity that marks the modern age. Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java draws on a formidable body of sources, including interviews, archival documents and a vast range of published material, to situate the Javanese religious experience. Winner of the Kahin Prize from the Association of Asia Studies, the study has considerable relevance for much wider contexts. The final section of the book, which considers the significance of Java's religious history in global contexts, shows how it exemplifies a profound contest of values in the universal human search for a better life

A comparative assessment of univariate longevity measures using zoological animal records

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94449/1/acel861.pd

Reasoning by analogy in the generation of domain acceptable ontology refinements

Refinements generated for a knowledge base often involve the learning of new knowledge to be added to or replace existing parts of a knowledge base. However, the justifiability of the refinement in the context of the domain (domain acceptability) is often overlooked. The work reported in this paper describes an approach to the generation of domain acceptable refinements for incomplete and incorrect ontology individuals through reasoning by analogy using existing domain knowledge. To illustrate this approach, individuals for refinement are identified during the application of a knowledge-based system, EIRA; when EIRA fails in its task, areas of its domain ontology are identified as requiring refinement. Refinements are subsequently generated by identifying and reasoning with similar individuals from the domain ontology. To evaluate this approach EIRA has been applied to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) domain. An evaluation (by a domain expert) of the refinements generated by EIRA has indicated that this approach successfully produces domain acceptable refinements

The cost-efficiency of water-based marine emission abatement

Today about 90 per cent of the world’s trade is concluded by using ships. This entails that the seafaring is one of the main attempters for the poisonous greenhouse gases. Through the globalization and the tendency to produce and sell goods all around the world, leads to wider use of ship transportation and hence increasing emissions. According to this fact it is important to find ways to abate ship emissions. This is supported with stricter emission limits in the Baltic Sea. To meet these regulations, vessels need to have installed an emission abatement system. In the range of this thesis the two water-based NOx abatement measures DWI and HAM are observed, especially regarding their cost-effectiveness. To find a figure how many € per abated ton of NOx these technologies cost, a case study with two ships was made. One ship was retrofitted with a HAM system and the other ship was new build with DWI technology. The calculations were based on figures found in literature and the ship owners. In conclusion, the costs per abated ton of NOx vary greatly with the specific ship. For DWI they are in the range from 243,25 €/t to 928,08 €/t. The HAM system is not so cost-intensive it varies from 282,58 €/t to 378,46 €/t

2002 Mount Beauty Workshop on Islam in Indonesia: Report

The workshop invited each candidate to present her or his topic to colleagues. There followed debate and discussion about the topics, about conceptual complexities, and about the way in which the research of others shed light on each individual topic. Most of the students were at early stages of research (mostly in the first year of candidature), but three were at final stages (Syafi'i Anwar, Fatimah Husein and Saliy White). One candidate, Mohamad Hafiz, is working on the Syariah Court of Singapore. The discussions were vigorous and of great help to all participants.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v10i1.64

Postglacial migration supplements climate in determining plant species ranges in Europe

The influence of dispersal limitation on species ranges remains controversial. Considering the dramatic impacts of the last glaciation in Europe, species might not have tracked climate changes through time and, as a consequence, their present-day ranges might be in disequilibrium with current climate. For 1016 European plant species, we assessed the relative importance of current climate and limited postglacial migration in determining species ranges using regression modelling and explanatory variables representing climate, and a novel species-specific hind-casting-based measure of accessibility to postglacial colonization. Climate was important for all species, while postglacial colonization also constrained the ranges of more than 50 per cent of the species. On average, climate explained five times more variation in species ranges than accessibility, but accessibility was the strongest determinant for one-sixth of the species. Accessibility was particularly important for species with limited long-distance dispersal ability, with southern glacial ranges, seed plants compared with ferns, and small-range species in southern Europe. In addition, accessibility explained one-third of the variation in species' disequilibrium with climate as measured by the realized/potential range size ratio computed with niche modelling. In conclusion, we show that although climate is the dominant broad-scale determinant of European plant species ranges, constrained dispersal plays an important supplementary role