TEDS-M: Diagnosing teacher knowledge by applying multidimensional item response theory and multiple-group models

Researchers are still struggling to define a concept of pedagogical content knowledge that separates this dimension from content knowledge. Based on data from TEDS-M, an International Association of Educational Achievement (IEA) study of mathematics teacher education in 16 countries, this paper aims to contribute to this discourse by using different multidimensional approaches to modeling teacher knowledge. Another question of cross-cultural research is whether the characteristics of the latent traits examined and their interplay are homogeneous across countries (measurement invariance) or if it is necessary to treat the countries as separate groups. Our basic hypothesis is that more sophisticated multidimensional and multiple-group item response theory (IRT) models lead to valuable additional information that gives diagnostic insight into the composition of teacher knowledge. This is demonstrated using the TEDS-M data

Effects of Job Motives, Teacher Knowledge and School Context on Beginning Teachers’ Commitment to Stay in the Profession: A Longitudinal Study in Germany, Taiwan and the United States.

This three-year longitudinal study examines which teacher and school characteristics contribute to teachers’ commitment to stay in the profession. 3,000 beginning teachers from Germany, Taiwan and the USA were assessed at the end of teacher education and three years later. Multiple-group path analyses revealed that at the end of teacher education, job motives, mathematics content knowledge and teachers’ sense of preparedness significantly predicted their commitment. The relational patterns varied between countries. Similarly, the development of teachers’ commitment was significantly but with varying strengths across countries affected by job satisfaction, the perceived job burden and school quality. Policy makers need to be careful with generalizing results from one country to another. This is an accepted manuscript of a chapter from the book International Handbook of Teacher Quality and Policy. © 2017 Routledg

Abstract A112: Lifetime cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk in young women: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in risk in the Young Women’s Health History Study

Abstract The etiology of breast cancer (BC) among young women is not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that tobacco exposure is associated with an increased risk of BC but few studies have evaluated risk among women under age 50 or racial and socioeconomic disparities in risk. We hypothesized that racial and socioeconomic differences in age at smoking initiation and lifetime cigarette smoking contribute to disparities in BC risk among young women. Data were examined from a population-based case-control study in women under 50 years of age, the Young Women’s Health History Study. In total, 1,812 women with invasive BC (1,130 Non-Hispanic (NH) White, 682 NH Black) and an area-based sample of 1,381 control women (716 NH White, 665 NH Black), frequency matched to cases by five-year age group, study site and race were identified and interviewed from the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit SEER registry areas. Lifetime smoking history (including age at initiation, duration, and frequency) were collected from structured in-person interviews. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between lifetime cigarette smoking and BC risk adjusted for matching and known BC risk factors. Additionally, cross-product interaction terms of smoking exposure by race and by socioeconomic position (SEP; based on household percent poverty) were evaluated by Wald’s test. Among controls, 36.5% reported ever smoking at least 1 cigarette a day for at least 6 months in their lifetime with White women compared to Black women (38.3% vs. 32.3%) and women of lower SEP (<150% of poverty) compared to higher SEP (≥150% of poverty) (50.4% vs. 31.5%) being more likely to have ever smoked. In adjusted models, those who ever vs. never smoked were 1.20 times as likely to develop BC; findings were marginally significant (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.46, p=0.07). No differences were found by race or SEP, nor was there a consistent association with BC risk for duration of smoking history (in pack-years) or average number of cigarettes smoked per day. Age at smoking initiation (never smoker, initiated at age <25 years, initiated at age ≥25 years) was significantly positively associated with BC risk (p trend=0.02). Smoking initiated at 25 years or older was associated with a 78% increased risk of BC compared to never smokers (95% CI: 1.15-2.77). A positive association between age at initiation and BC risk was observed among White (p trend=0.048), but not Black women. A marginally significant increased risk with age at initiation was observed among women of higher SEP (p trend=0.05) but not among those of lower SEP. We found evidence that smoking is associated with an increased risk of BC in young women, especially among those who started smoking at an older age. Despite efforts to reduce smoking, the prevalence of smoking remains highest among people of low socioeconomic position, as we found. Encouraging women not to initiate smoking is important to reduce BC risk among women under age 50. Citation Format: Ugonna Ihenacho, Ann S Hamilton, Wendy J Mack, Anna H Wu, Jennifer B Unger, Dorothy R Pathak, Richard T Houang, Michael F Press, Kendra L Schwartz, Lydia Marcus, Ellen M Velie. Lifetime cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk in young women: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in risk in the Young Women’s Health History Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A112

Abstract PO-200: Increased risk of luminal A and HER2-type breast cancer with lifetime cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women’s Health History Study

Abstract Previous studies have found that tobacco exposure is associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (BC) overall and some studies suggest that risk is only increased for Luminal A BC. Few studies have described the association between tobacco exposure and BC risk with characterization of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) subtype. This analysis explored associations between smoking over the life course and BC risk overall and by BC subtype among a socioeconomically diverse population of young non-Hispanic (NH) Black and White women. Data were examined from a population-based case-control study in women under 50 years of age, the Young Women’s Health History Study. In total, 1,812 women with invasive BC (1,130 NH White, 682 NH Black) and an area-based sample of 1,381 (716 NH White, 665 NH Black) control women, frequency matched to cases by five-year age group, study site and self-reported race were identified from the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit SEER registry areas. Lifetime smoking histories were collected from in-person interviews. Sample-weighted logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the association between lifetime cigarette smoking status (never versus ever smoker) and BC risk adjusted for known BC risk factors and study site. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted for analyses by BC subtype. Heterogeneity in the odds ratio (OR) estimates by BC subtype and cross-product interaction terms of smoking status by race and by household percent poverty (HHP) were evaluated by the Wald test. In adjusted models, BC risk overall was not significantly associated with ever smoking at least 1 cigarette a day for 6 months or more (OR 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97- 1.43). By BC subtype, ever smokers displayed a statistically significant 30% increase in Luminal A BC risk compared to never smokers (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.03-1.64) and a 90% increased risk of HER2-type BC (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.17-3.08). Smoking was not associated with risk of Luminal B or Triple Negative BC. Associations between ever smoking and BC risk significantly differed by BC subtype (Pheterogeneity=0.02). Statistical interactions by race or by HHP were not observed. However, we noted that in stratified models the association between smoking and risk for HER2-type BC was higher among NH White compared to NH Black women and among women with HHP ≥150% compared to HHP <150%. For Luminal A BC, the association with smoking did not differ by race and risk was higher among women with HHP <150% compared to HHP ≥150%. Although other studies have identified an association between smoking and Luminal A BC, this may be the first study to identify an association between smoking and hormone receptor negative, HER2-type BC risk. An increased risk for HER2-type BC among NH White women and women with HHP ≥150% was suggested. Research in HER2-type BC is a relatively new and evolving field as HER2 expression was often underreported in the pathology reports of cases diagnosed before 2005. Citation Format: Ugonna N. Ihenacho, Ann S. Hamilton, Wendy J. Mack, Anna H. Wu, Jennifer B. Unger, Dorothy R. Pathak, Richard T. Houang, Michael F. Press, Kendra L. Schwartz, Lydia Marcus, Ellen M. Velie. Increased risk of luminal A and HER2-type breast cancer with lifetime cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women’s Health History Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-200

Lifetime personal cigarette smoking and risk of young-onset breast cancer by subtype among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women's Health History Study.

PurposeTo evaluate the association between lifetime personal cigarette smoking and young-onset breast cancer (YOBC; diagnosed <50 years of age) risk overall and by breast cancer (BC) subtype, and whether risk varies by race or socioeconomic position (SEP).MethodsData are from the Young Women's Health History Study (YWHHS), a population-based case-control study of non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women, ages 20-49 years (n = 1812 cases, n = 1381 controls) in the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry areas, 2010-2015. Lifetime personal cigarette smoking characteristics and YOBC risk by subtype were examined using sample-weighted, multivariable-adjusted polytomous logistic regression.ResultsYOBC risk associated with ever versus never smoking differed by subtype (Pheterogeneity = 0.01) with risk significantly increased for Luminal A (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.68) and HER2-type (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.23-3.16), and no association with Luminal B or Triple Negative subtypes. Additionally, ≥30 years since smoking initiation (versus never) was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of Luminal A (aOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.07-2.26) and HER2-type YOBC (aOR 2.77; 95% CI 1.32-5.79), but not other subtypes. In addition, among parous women, smoking initiated before first full-term pregnancy (versus never) was significantly associated with an increased risk of Luminal A YOBC (aOR 1.45; 95% CI 1.11-1.89). We observed little evidence for interactions by race and SEP.ConclusionFindings confirm prior reports of a positive association between cigarette smoking and Luminal A YOBC and identify a novel association between smoking and HER2-type YOBC

X chromosome gene dosage as a determinant of congenital malformations and of age-related comorbidity risk in patients with Turner syndrome, from childhood to early adulthood

International audienceObjective Turner Syndrome is associated with several phenotypic conditions associated with a higher risk of subsequent comorbidity. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of congenital malformations and the occurrence of age-related comorbid conditions and to determine whether the frequencies of congenital and acquired conditions depend on X chromosome gene dosage, as a function of karyotype subgroup. Design and methods This national retrospective observational cohort study includes 1501 patients. We evaluated the prevalence of congenital malformations and the cumulative incidence of subsequent specific comorbidities at five-year intervals, from the ages of 10 to 30 years, with stratification by karyotype subgroup: 45,X (n = 549), 45,X/46,isoXq (n = 280), 46,X,r(X)/46,XX (n = 106), 45,X/46,XX (n = 221), presence of Y (n = 87). Results Median age was 9.4 (3.7-13.7) years at first evaluation and 16.8 (11.2-21.4) years at last evaluation. Congenital heart (18.9%) malformations were more frequent in 45,X patients, and congenital renal (17.2%) malformations were more frequent in 45,X, 45,X/46,isoXq and 46,X,r(X)/46,XX patients than in those with 45,X/46,XX mosaicism or a Y chromosome (P < 0.0001). The cumulative incidence of subsequent acquired conditions, such as thyroid disease, hearing loss, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia and, to a lesser extent, celiac disease, glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes, hypertension and liver dysfunction increased with age, but less markedly for patients with mosaicism than for those with other karyotypes. Patients with a ring chromosome were more prone to metabolic disorders. Conclusion These data suggest that X gene chromosome dosage, particularly for Xp genes, contributes to the risk of developing comorbidities