Fiscal Discipline and Social Spending in IMF-supported Programs.

IMF-supported programs, social spending, social expenditures, health, education

Social Spending in IMF-supported Programs

This paper analyzes the impact of IMF-supported programs on health and education spending in a large time-series cross-section sample of countries. Using an ARIMA model to model time dynamics and instrumental variables to correct for the well-known endogeneity of IMF-supported programs, the paper finds, contrary to the conventional wisdom, that health and education do not decline in the presence of an IMF-supported program. However, this does not necessarily mean that the poor are protected from the costs of economic adjustment.social spending, IMF-supported programs, health, education

Prematuros extremos: ¿Es posible establecer un límite de viabilidad?

A los prematuros, definidos por una edad gestacional inferior a 37 semanas, se los ha dividido en subgrupos de acuerdo a la edad gestacional y peso de nacimiento, por las diferencias que presentan en cuanto a riesgos, morbilidad y mortalidad. Así a los neonatos con peso de nacimiento menor a 1500 g se los clasifica como de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (MBPN) y a los menores de 1000 g, extremo bajo peso de nacimiento (EBPN). En un estudio realizado por la OMS se estima que en 2005 se registraron 12,9 millones de partos prematuros, lo que representa el 9,6% de todos los nacimientos a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente 11 millones (85%) de ellos se concentraron en África y Asia, mientras que en Europa y América del Norte (excluido México) se registraron 0,5 millones en cada caso, y en América Latina y el Caribe, 0,9 millones. Las tasas más elevadas de prematuridad se dieron en África y América del Norte (11,9% y 10,6% de todos los nacimientos, respectivamente), y las más bajas en Europa (6,2%)

COVID-19 pandemic and biopolitics in Latin America

Given our longstanding interest in the datafied society in Latin America,we are interested in assessing the applicability in the region ofarguments about contemporary biopolitics in Europe and the UnitedStates. Even if it is early to draw categorical conclusions giventhat we are in the middle of the pandemic and its evolution andaftermath are unpredictable, there are indications that the currentsituation in the region does not match recent conclusions about the escalation of biopolitics. At the time of this writing, Latin America has become the new epicenterof the pandemic (Burki 2020) with growing number of reported cases ofinfections and deaths. Various governments in Latin America (Perú,Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, México, Colombia and Brasil) andthe Inter-American Development Bank have deployed digitaltechnologies to control the transmission of the virus and to supporttesting and tracing. They have collaborated with private companiesand universities in setting up mobile applications for geolocalizingand contact-tracing possibly infected people. Expectedly, theseactions have raised concerns about the negative impact of massivesurveillance.However,while we recognize the legitimacy of these concerns, the problem inLatin America takes different dimensions than in Europe, NorthAmerica, and East Asia. For the moment, the governments in the regionhave significant problems to launch and maintain massive digitalsurveillance apparatuses. What stands in the way of pandemic-drivenbiopolitics is not a firm official commitment to protecting personaldata or to balancing public health objectives and democratic rights.The obstacles are rather technological and institutional, namely,poor reach and limited effectiveness of digital and mobiletechnologies as well as deep-seated problems of state performance interms of governmentality and the provision of health services in theregion.Fil: Waisbord, Silvio Ricardo. No especifíca;Fil: Segura, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin

Estrategias metodológicas de los docentes para la formación por competencias en la enseñanza de las practicas clínicas de traumatología de los estudiantes de medicina de la universidad privada Antenor Orrego

El nuevo paradigma del aprendizaje exige una relación docente-discente que estimule a éste a ser activo, favorezca el desarrollo de su personalidad, reconozca el derecho al error y a la necesidad de su corrección. Y es que aprender no es otra cosa que la adquisición y puesta en práctica de nuevos conceptos, de nuevas metodologías, de nuevas destrezas y habilidades, de nuevas actitudes y nuevos valores; es decir, prepararse para hacer frente a nuevos problemas y a nuevas situaciones. Objetivos: Determinar si las estrategias metodológicas aplicadas por los docentes en la enseñanza de la práctica clínica de la especialidad de Traumatología los estudiantes de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego de Trujillo se ajustan a una formación por competencias. Material y Métodos: Se aplicó 1 cuestionario a los alumnos de la especialidad de Traumatología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego de Trujillo. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de la especialidad de Traumatología de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego de Trujillo consideran que el 30.5% de los docentes presentan una estrategia metodológica Excelente, el 52.9% consideraron que es Buena, el 12.9% Regular y solo el 3.8% una Estrategia Metodológica Deficiente. En general podemos concluir que las estrategias metodológicas aplicadas por los docentes en la enseñanza de la práctica clínica de la especialidad de Traumatología permiten una formación por competenciasThe new paradigm of learning requires teaching-learning that encourages it to be active relationship, favors the development of his personality, to recognize the right to error and need correction. And it is that learning is nothing but the acquisition and implementation of new concepts, new methodologies, new skills and abilities, new attitudes and new values ; that is, prepared to deal with new problems and new situations. Objective: Whether the methodological strategies used by teachers in the teaching of clinical practice specialty Trauma students Antenor Orrego Private University of Trujillo fit a competency-based training. Material and methods: Two anonymous surveys 6th year students of the Faculty of Medicine at the Private University Antenor Orrego was applied. Results and Conclusions: Students of the specialty of Traumatology of the Private University Antenor Orrego de Trujillo consider that 30.5 % of teachers have excellent methodological approach , 52.9 % considered it good , 12.9 % Regular and only 3.8 % of poor methodological Strategy. In general we can conclude that the methodological strategies used by teachers in the teaching of clinical practice specialty Trauma allow skills trainingTesi

Novel Functions of the Neurodegenerative-Related Gene Tau in Cancer

The analysis of global and comparative genomics between different diseases allows us to understand the key biological processes that explain the etiology of these pathologies. We have used this type of approach to evaluate the expression of several neurodegeneration-related genes on the development of tumors, particularly brain tumors of glial origin (gliomas), which are an aggressive and incurable type of cancer. We have observed that genes involved in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, correlate with better prognosis of gliomas. Within these genes, high Tau/MAPT expression shows the strongest correlation with several indicators of prolonged survival on glioma patients. Tau protein regulates microtubule stability and dynamics in neurons, although there have been reports of its expression in glial cells and also in gliomas. However, little is known about the regulation of Tau/MAPT transcription in tumors. Moreover, our in silico analysis indicates that this gene is also expressed in a variety of tumors, showing a general correlation with survival, although its function in cancer has not yet been addressed. Another remarkable aspect of Tau is its involvement in resistance to taxanes in various tumors types such as breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. This is due to the fact that taxanes have the same tubulin-binding site as Tau. In the present work we review the main knowledge about Tau function and expression in tumors, with a special focus on brain cancer. We will also speculate with the therapeutic implications of these findings.RG has been funded by the AECC Scientific Foundation. Research has been funded by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO-RETOS)/FEDER: SAF2015-65175-R to PS-G.S

Evaluacion de la exactitud en la determinacion de la longitud de trabajo utilizando dos tecnicas de conductometria en piezas con conductos curvos. in vitro.

67 p.El Propósito de este estudio es comparar la exactitud en la determinación de la longitud de trabajo entre dos técnicas de conductometría in vitro. La primera de ellas es una conductometría basada en una relación matemática utilizando el método de Ingle y la segunda basada en la curvatura de la raíz utilizando el método Direct Digital Radiographic (DDR) con 2 clic. Para esto se usaron 30 muestras, en las cuales se midieron la longitud aparente del diente (LAD), longitud conocida del instrumento (LCI) y la longitud aparente del instrumento (LAI), con estas medidas se calcularon las distintas longitud de trabajo (LT). Podemos concluir que ambas técnicas de conductometría son igualmente adecuadas para determinar la longitud de trabajo, también existe una asociación entre la medición del conducto radicular y el traspaso al instrumento utilizando ambas técnicas de conductometría y además no existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambas técnicas de conductometría respecto a la distancia radiográfica del instrumento al limite cemento dentinario y al apice radicular

Digital conservation in biosphere reserves: Earth observations, social media, and nature’s cultural contributions to people

In the “digital conservation” age, big data from Earth observations and from social media have been increasingly used to tackle conservation challenges. Here, we combined information from those two digital sources in a multimodel inference framework to identify, map, and predict the potential for nature’s cultural contributions to people in two contrasting UNESCO biosphere reserves: Doñana and Sierra Nevada (Spain). The content analysis of Flickr pictures revealed different cultural contributions, according to the natural and cultural values of the two reserves. Those contributions relied upon landscape variables computed from Earth observation data: the variety of colors and vegetation functioning that characterize Doñana landscapes, and the leisure facilities, accessibility features, and heterogeneous landscapes that shape Sierra Nevada. Our findings suggest that social media and Earth observations can aid in the cost-efficient monitoring of nature’s contributions to people, which underlie many Sustainable Development Goals and conservation targets in protected areas worldwide.European Union’sHorizon 2020 research and innovation programme,Grant/Award Number: 641762; Program for Excellent Units of the Plan Propio de Investigación of the University of Granada; European Union; University of Granada, Spain; Portuguese Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: DL57/2016/ICETA/EEC2018/13, CEECIND/02331/201

Body Control Module using the SAM-V71 development board

The Body Control Module is one of the main devices inside a car since it is responsible of the critical aspects for the correct function of the vehicle including the safety and comfort of all passengers. However, these features come at a high cost. Therefore, the aim of this project was to perform a BCM capable of executing the basic functions of a commercial module in a car but with a lower cost. This was achieved using the SAMV71 development board and its embedded CAN protocol communication port and following the V-cycle which has two main branches: planning and integration of their parts and validation. This model facilitates keeping track of any progress during the development stage. The device successfully read analog and digital inputs, processed the information and sent it through the CAN bus for further processing. AUTOSAR was the standard used trough the development process, since it is the most employed in the automotive industry. It specifies that the software components shall be in layers, helping the process of integration and giving portability to the project. With this BCM it is possible to adapt a classic internal combustion engine car that lacks modern electronics to a battery electric vehicle

Estudio y Sistematización de la Cromática de los Parques de la Ciudad de Latacunga en el período 2019-2020.

This investigation was carried out through a study of the chromatics in the species found at the parks of Latacunga city. The study area is located at an altitude of 2769 meters above sea level with geographic coordinates of 0 ° 56 ’06” south latitude and 78 ° 36 ’55” west longitude. Its main objective was to carry out a study and systematization of the color at the parks in Latacunga city. The type of study used for the identification of species was field research, where the scientific name of each species was located, later the documentary bibliographic research was used for data collection and analysis; the descriptive research allowed to carry out the taxonomic analysis of species, analysis of the color, the development of recovery strategies and preparation of the proposal. It was evidenced that the parks in Latacunga city present directed chromatics in a large percentage towards the green color, with few species of different colors in each one. The species identified were: Melaleuca citrina (Callistemon citrinus), Peruvian molle (Schinus molle), phoenix palm (Phoenix canariensis), silver poplar (Populus alba), Spanish cedar (Cedral odorata), acacia (Acacia sentu), linden (Tilia, platyphyllos), willow (Salix sp.), cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), pine (Pinus sp.) and Alder (Alnus glutinosa). Shrubs with species such as broom (Ratama sphaerocarpa), wild-sage (Lantana Cámara), mallow (Malva sylvestris), shoeblack plant (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), and ornamental plants, for example, geraniums (Pelargonium sp.), Gazanias (Gazania rigens), daisies (Bellis perennis), scabious (Scabiosa foetida), red scancel (Aervas sanguinolenta), atsera (Canna indica), lilies (Iris sp.), arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), Azulina (Agaphantus africanus), New Zealand hebe (Hebe speciosa), bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), daylilies (Lilium sp.), American aloe (Agave sp.), fuchsias (Fuchsia hybrida). Recovery strategies are focused on the qualities of balance, comfort, dimension, scale, shape, context, and variety; in the environmental relationship of the species that adapt themselves to the sector and especially the landscape criterion that must be following the colors that are according to the chromatic circle and the types of color harmony. The proposal for the recovery of parks in Latacunga city was written and focused on the theoretical bases, temperature, interaction, and harmony of colors according to the ornamental species that can be achieved and are adapted to the environmental conditions of the city.La presente investigación se realizó mediante un estudio de la cromática de las especies presentes en los parques de la ciudad de Latacunga. El área de estudio se encuentra a una altura de 2769 msnm con coordenadas geográficas de 0° 56’ 06” latitud sur y 78° 36’ 55” longitud oeste. El objetivo principal fue realizar un estudio y la sistematización de la cromática de los parques de la ciudad de Latacunga. El tipo de investigación utilizado para la identificación de especies fue de campo, donde se ubicó el nombre científico de cada una, posteriormente se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica documental para la recopilación y análisis de la información obtenida, la investigación descriptiva permitió realizar el análisis taxonómico de especies, análisis de la cromática de los parques, el desarrollo de las estrategias de recuperación y elaboración de la propuesta. Se evidenció que los parques de la ciudad de Latacunga presentan una cromática dirigida en un gran porcentaje hacia el color verde, con pocas especies de color diferente en cada uno. Las especies identificadas fueron: cepillo chino (Callistemon citrinus), molle (Schinus molle), palma fénix (Phoenix canariensis), álamo plateado (Populus alba), cedro (Cedral odorata), acacia (Acacia sentu), tilo (Tilia, platyphyllos), sauce (Salix sp.) ciprés (Cupressus macrocarpa), pino (Pinus sp.) y Aliso (Alnus glutinosa). Arbustos con especies como la retama (Ratama sphaerocarpa), supirrosa (Lantana cámara), malva (Malva sylvestris), cucardas (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), y plantas ornamentales, por ejemplo, geranios (Pelargonium sp.), gazanias (Gazania rigens), margaritas (Bellis perennis), escabiosas (Scabiosa foetida), escancel rojo (Aervas sanguinolenta), atsera (Canna indica), lirios (Iris sp.), cartuchos (Zantedeschia aethiopica), Azulina (Agaphantus africanus), verónica (Hebe speciosa), buganvilla (Bougainvillea spectabilis), azucenas (Lilium sp.), pencos (Agave sp.), fucsias (Fuchsia hybrida). Las estrategias de recuperación están enfocadas a las cualidades de equilibrio, comodidad, confort, dimensión, escala, forma, contexto y variedad; en la relación medioambiental de las especies que se adaptan al sector y sobre todo el criterio paisajístico que debe estar en concordancia con los colores que se encuentren acorde al círculo cromático y los tipos de armonía el color. La propuesta de recuperación de parques de la ciudad de Latacunga se redactó y enfocó a las bases teóricas, temperatura, interacción y armonía de los colores de acuerdo a las especies ornamentales que se pueden conseguir y se adapten a las condiciones ambientales de la ciudad